Describe the difference between electrical and chemical synapses. How are neurotransmitters packaged? Address small amino acid neurotransmitters and compare them to large peptide neurotransmitters. Describe the role of voltage gated calcium channels and SNARE proteins.
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- Which of the following does not contribute to propagation of action potentials? a. As the area outside the membrane becomes negative, itattracts ions from adjacent regions; as the inside of the membrane becomes positive, it attracts negative ions from nearby in the cytoplasm. These events depolarize nearby regions of the axon membrane. b. The refractory period allows the impulse to travel in only one direction. c. Each segment of the axon prevents the adjacent segments from firing. d. The magnitude of the action potential stays the same as it travels down the axon. e. Up to a limit, increasing the intensity of the stimulus increases the number of action potentials.Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/summation) to learn about summation. The process of converting electrical signals to chemical signals and back requires subtle changes that can result in transient increases or decreases in membrane voltage. To cause a lasting change in the target cell, multiple signals are usually added together, or summated. Does spatial summation have to happen all at once, or can the separate signals arrive on the postsynaptic neuron at slightly different times? Explain your answer.1. Explain what would happens if pre-synaptic calcium channels were blocked by a drug or other ligand 2. Describe the events that occur during action potential
- 9) Describe the various division of human Nervous system. Draw and describe the various parts of a Neuron and a synaptic transmission.20. Explain how a chemical synapse works when a nerve meets the muscle fiber. address the following concepts -the name of the specific new transmitter, how the neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic cell into the synapse ,the action of the new transmitter on the receptor on the postsynaptic cell ,and how the levels of neurotransmitters are regulated. be specific and detailed in your response6. Identify the following structures on an image of a synapse: Postsynaptic neuron Presynaptic neuron Neurotransmitter Synaptic cleft Synaptic vesicles Receptor for neurotransmitter Cell adhesion molecules Axon terminal 7. hore CAFE Describe the actions of sodium and potassium during action potential generation as it relates to depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization. State the directional flow of each ion and the state of the gated channels for each stage. See figure 12.15 in the textbook.
- A stimulus causes a change in permeability of neural membranes, which begins the process of transmitting an impulse. If the stimulus reaches the threshold potential of a neuron, an action potential is generated. Select the numbers of the statements below that occur once the threshold potential is reached. 1. Sodium ions flow into the neuron. 2. Sodium ions flow out of the neuron. 3. The membrane potential becomes positive. 4. The membrane potential becomes negative. 5. Voltage-gated potassium channels open. 6. Voltage-gated potassium channels close. 7. Potassium ions flow into the neuron. 8. Potassium ions flow out of the neuron. Place the numbers in order from the first event to the last event: and14) Review the process by which an action potential is conducted across a synapse. Suppose that in the future you become a researcher that is trying to cure a new neurological disorder. This disorder causes some post-synaptic neurons to fire action potentials to intrequently in response to the excitatory neurotransmitter dopamine. You want to design a medication that will target the cellular mechanisms that are causing this to happen at the synapse. List (no explanation required) four different things that vour medication could do at the synapse to increase the rate of firing of action potentials, *(Note that each different thing you list should produce an effect by targeting a different part of the process by which conduction of an action potential across a synapse is regulated).Events in Synaptic Signal Transmission 1. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. 2. Neurotransmitters bind to ion channels. 3. Sodium ions enter into the dendrites. 4. Neurotransmitters are returned to the axon terminal, broken down by the enzymes or diffused away from the synapse. 5. Action potential arrives in axon terminal. 6. Synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitters fuse with the presynaptic membrane. 7. lon channels open. The sequence in which the events numbered above are involved in the signal transmission across the synapse is ,and
- 3.) Signals are passed from axon to axon when neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic axon and diffuses across a small distance, called the synaptic cleft, to reach the post synaptic axon. If the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic axon is dopamine and the diffusion distance across the synaptic cleft is 20 nm then how long will it take to pass the signal? The viscosity of the interstitial fluid in the synapse is 0.012 Pa*s. (You must look up dopamine properties to solve) Synapse Suiknce Facts aut Synaptic vesicle Voltage-gated Ca? /channel Presynaptic neuron Neurotransmitter molecules Synaptic cleft lon channel receptor Postsynaptic- neuronPlace the events involved in generating an action potential in the order in which they occur: 1. K moves out of the cell. 2. NA activation gates open 3. Excess K+ leaves cell causing hyperpolerization 4. NA+ enters cell and volage becomes less negative. 5. K+ channels close. 6. Threshold stimulus arrives. 7. Leakage channels restore resting membrane potential. 8. NA inactivation gates close and K* open. O 6,4,2,8,1,3,5,7 O 6,4,8,2,1,3,5,7 O 6,2,4,8,1,3,5,7 O 6,2,4,8,3,1,5,7Explain the propagation of an action potential. 1. Start with a stimulus 2. Follow through two points along the axon and include voltage-gated channels involved and their behavior. 3. Passive versus active flow as well as saltatory conduction
