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- Ketoacidosis is a condition that can arise in an individual with diabetes due to excessive production of ketone bodies. Is this condition classified as metabolic acidosis or respiratory acidosis? Explain.Individuals suffering from ketoacidosis have acidic urine. What effect do you expect ketones to have on pH? Why is pH lowered when ketone bodies are present?In healthy adults, the concentration of glucose in blood is approximately80 to 110 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl). After a carbohydrate-richmeal, however, the concentration may spike to 140 mg/dl. Describe thehormonal action that returns blood glucose to normal.
- Many patients with glucose 6- phosphatase deficiency have high serum levels of urate. Hyperuricemia can be induced in normal people by the ingestion of alcohol or by strenuous exercise. Propose a common mechanism that accounts for these findings.In diabetes mellitus the activation of fatty acid oxidation causes ketosis. What disorder of acid-base balance may be caused by the excessive accumulation of ketone bodies in blood?Glucose has been found to react nonenzymatically with hemoglobin, through Schiff base formation between C-1 of glucose and the amino termini of the β chains. How might this finding be applied in monitoring diabetic patients?
- Which of the following will decrease the level of uric acid in the body? O Decrease optimal concentration of xanthine oxidase inhibitor O Lower deaminase action O Higher purine phosphorylase activityPanthothenic acid is involved in the metabolic pathways as coenzyme:In type I diabetes mellitus, excessive production of acetyl-CoA may surpass the body’s capacity to oxidize it. As a result, acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone (ketone bodies) accumulate. When generated in large amounts, blood pH falls, thereby reducing the capacity of red blood cells to carry oxygen. Explain in general terms how high concentrations of ketone bodies may result in a fatal coma.
- Would the absorption of water into absorptive cells be increased or decreased following cyanide poisoning? Explain.Hemoglobin molecules exposed to high levels of glucose areconverted to glycated products. The most common, referred to as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), contains a b-chain glycatedadduct. Because red blood cells last about 3 months, HbA1Cconcentration is a useful measure of a patient’s blood sugarcontrol. In general terms, describe why and how HbA1Cforms.Discuss the 3 mechanisms of abnormal carbohydrates metabolism that result in the development of ketone bodies in the urine and give examples of the condition to each.