If natural selection is the only force acting on this population from generation to generation, what do you predict will happen to allele frequencies over successive generations?
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Q: "Natural Selection Is a Major Force Driving Allele Frequency Change". Explain how ?
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Q: What Causes Allele Frequencies to Change in Real Populations?
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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- Small population size causes genetic drift because ofchance sampling of different alleles from one generation to the next. We can predict how much geneticdrift occurs for a given population size using binomialsampling statistics. With a population of size N, wecan estimate that 95% of the time the allele frequency(p) in the next generation will be withinthe confidence interval of p ± 1.96 (√p(1 − p)2N ),where p(1 − p)2Nis an estimate of the statistical variancein allele frequencies from one generation to the nextwith random sampling of 2N alleles each generation. a. What is the confidence interval for p = 0.5 whenN = 100,000?b. What is the confidence interval for p = 0.5 whenN = 10?c. How are the results in parts (a) and (b) related tothe consequences of a population bottleneck?If both the forces of mutation and natural selection are acting on this population from generation to generation (and have been acting on this population for many many generations), what do you predict will happen to allele frequencies over successive generations? Allele frequencies will remain constant The frequency of the D allele will increase The frequency of the d allele will increaseThe original source of new alleles, upon which selection operates,is mutation, a random event that occurs without regard to selectionalvalue in the organism. Although many model organismshave been used to study mutational events in populations, someinvestigators have developed abiotic molecular models. Soll et al.(2006. Genetics 175:267–275) examined one such model to studythe relationship between both deleterious and advantageousmutations and population size in a ligase molecule composed ofRNA (a ribozyme). Soll found that the smaller the population ofmolecules, the more likely it was that not only deleterious mutationsbut also advantageous mutations would disappear. Whywould population size influence the survival of both types ofmutations (deleterious and advantageous) in populations?
- In a population of lizards, color is genetically determined. The current population has two two phenotypes: blue and yellow. Which of the following scenarios could result in evolution by migration? O A disease indiscriminately reduces the population by 90%. Birds are better able to see and therefor prey on blue lizards The population is joined by individuals from a nearby population that has an allele for a red phenotype. Females preferentially mate with individuals exhibiting the blue phenotype.If allele frequencies are changing over generational time, what can we say about this population? (Check all that apply) O The population is finite OThe population is evolving The population is experiencing mutation O The population is under Natural SelectionWhich of the following is NOT required in order for natural selection to occur in a population? O All of these are required for natural selection to occur O There is variation in phenotypes of individuals in the population O Individuals with some phenotypes produce more offspring than individuals with other phenotypes O Individuals in the population compete with one another for mates O Offspring inherit traits from their parents
- Which of the following is not true of natural selection? (a) natural selection acts to preserve favorable traits and eliminate unfavorable traits (b) the offspring of individuals that are better adapted to the environment will make up a larger proportion of the next generation (c) natural selection directs the course of evolution by preserving the traits acquired during an individuals lifetime (d) natural selection acts on a populations genetic variability, which arises through mutation (e) natural selection may result in changes in allele frequencies in a populationThe MN blood group is of interest to population geneticists because (a) people with genotype MN cannot receive blood transfusions from either MM or NN people (b) the MM, MN, and NN genotype frequencies can be observed directly and compared with calculated expected frequencies (c) the M allele is dominant to the N allele (d) people with the MN genotype exhibit frequency-dependent selection (e) people with the MN genotype exhibit heterozygote advantageIf a populations allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation, (a) the population is undergoing evolutionary change (b) the population is said to be at genetic equilibrium (c) microevolution has taken place (d) directional selection is occurring, but only for a few generations (e) genetic drift is a significant evolutionary force
- Under idealized Hardy-Weinberg conditions, which of the following is FALSE? [1] O mutation rates will increase with each generation O no new alleles would be added to the population's gene pool O there will be no change in alelle frequencies in a population over time O the population is so large that random affects don't change allele frequencies all of these are trueI had trouble with explaining how natural selection affects alllele and genotype frequency. Does natural natural selection affect alleles by causing adaption to happen increasing the frequency of advantageous alleles?Consider the first copy of an allele for insecticideresistance that arises by mutation in a populationof insects exposed to an insecticide. Is this mutation an adaptation? If, after some generations,we find that most of the population is resistant,is the resistance an adaptation? If we discovergenetic variation for insecticide resistance in apopulation that has had no experience of insecticides, is the variation an adaptation? If an insectpopulation is polymorphic for two alleles, eachof which confers resistance against one of twopesticides that are alternately applied, is thevariation an adaptation? Or is each of the tworesistance traits an adaptation?