In the dark, bipolar cells areO inactive due to open Cl- channelsactive due to open Na+ channelsinactive due to closed Ca++ channelsactive due to open Ca++ channels

Bipolar cells are neurons located in the retina of the eye. They receive input from photoreceptors,…

Answered: In the dark, bipolar cells are O…

In the dark, bipolar cells are O inactive due to open Cl- channels O active due to open Na+ channels O inactive due to closed Ca++ channels active due to open Ca++ channels

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter4: Principles Of Neural And Hormonal Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2SQE

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Concept explainers

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.

Question

In the dark, bipolar cells are
O inactive due to open Cl- channels
active due to open Na+ channels
inactive due to closed Ca++ channels
active due to open Ca++ channels

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The traces below show the action potential waveforms in an external meidum of different concentrations of * 40 100% 50% 33% 40 1 2 time (msec) calcium chloride potassium O sodium
In the dark, photoreceptors ar and ON bipolar cells are spiking releasing GABA hyperpolarized releasing acetylcholine depolarized
Tetrodotoxin from pufferfish is a poison that blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels. Therefore it directly blocks exocytosis of neurotransmitter O action potentials excitatory graded potentials inhibitory graded potentials
The key feature of AMPA receptors as demonstrated experimentally is Na voltage-gated channels activity inward-rectifier K* channels activity inactivation of Ca²+ channels Ca²+ and Na* permeability Ca²+ permeability
mbing fiber depolarizes mbrane potential to en Ca2+ channels. tage-gated channel 2+ Ca²+ Release 2+ Ca²+ Endoplasmic reticulum removal of AMPA receptors from the postsynaptic membrane. insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane O increase in intracellular Ca2+ via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels O DAG- and Ca2+-mediated activation of PKC increase in intracellular Ca2+ via endoplasmic reticulum IP3 receptors
Choose all that apply [Na*] + [K'] | + + + + This diagram is a drawing of normal conditions that occur in a neuron's axon (not all details are included). This stage that a living neuron would be in, would show that no positive ions are inside the cell current is traveling down the axon the cell will be at rest once the Na ions enter the cell the cell is at rest Na ions are predominantly outside the cel
Absolute refractory periods in axons: Result from conformational changes in voltage gated K channels after opening O Result from Cl channel induced hyperpolarization O Result from Ca dependent phosphorylation of K channels Result from conformation changes in voltage gated Na channels after opening O Result from Ca dependent phosphorylation of Na channels
Place the events involved in generating an action potential in the order in which they occur: 1. K moves out of the cell. 2. NA activation gates open 3. Excess K+ leaves cell causing hyperpolerization 4. NA+ enters cell and volage becomes less negative. 5. K+ channels close. 6. Threshold stimulus arrives. 7. Leakage channels restore resting membrane potential. 8. NA inactivation gates close and K* open. O 6,4,2,8,1,3,5,7 O 6,4,8,2,1,3,5,7 O 6,2,4,8,1,3,5,7 O 6,2,4,8,3,1,5,7
The major role of the Na+/K+ pump is to: a. cause a rapid firing of the action potential so the inside of themembrane becomes momentarily positive. b. decrease the resting membrane potential to zero. c. hyperpolarize the membrane above resting value. d. cause an action potential to enter a refractory period. e. maintain the resting membrane potential at a constantnegative value.
You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active transport pumps in the plasma membrane of the axons are responsible for creating the imbalance between Na+ and K+ inside and outside of the neuron that produces the resting membrane potential. In early research studying the role of ions and the involvement of active transport of ions in neural signaling, investigators used the giant axon of a squid as a model. The diameter of a giant axon is far greater than that of a mammalian axon, which enabled researchers to isolate it easily and use it in in vitro experiments. In one early experiment, researchers investigated the active transport of Na+ out of the axon in response to the presence of cyanide. Experimentally they hooked up a section of axon to a syringe, immersed the axon in artificial seawater, introduced radioactive 22Na (as 22NaCl) into the axon, and then quantified the transport of 22Na out through the axons plasma membrane. The rate of 22Na transport out of the axon was determined by measuring the radioactivity released into the fluid sur- rounding the axon over a period of time. The Figure shows the results of the experiment. What is the effect of cyanide on Na1 transport out of the squid axon? How do the data show the effect? Source: P. C. Caldwell et al. 1960. The effects of injecting energy-rich phosphate compounds on the active transport of ions in the giant axons of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology 152:561590. Cengage Learning 2017
Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurotrans) to learn about the release of a neurotransmitter. The action potential reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, and a chemical signal is released to tell the target cell to do something, either initiate a new action potential, or to suppress that activity. In a very short space, the electrical signal of the action potential is changed into the chemical signal of a neurotransmitter, and then back to electrical changes in the target cell membrane. What is the importance of voltage-gated calcium channels in the release of neurotransmitters?
View the University of Michigan Webscope (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/nervefiber) to see an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a myelinated nerve fiber. The axon contains microtubules and neurofilaments, bounded by a plasma membrane known as the axolemma. Outside the plasma membrane of the axon is the myelin sheath, which is composed of the tightly wrapped plasma membrane of a Schwann cell. What aspects of the cells in this image react with the stain that makes them the deep, dark, black color, such as the multiple layers that are the myelin sheath?