When signals bind to the protein receptors, it depends if the receptor is found on the nuclear or cell membrane. genes are turned on or off. gates open up and then there is a cellular response, such as an action potential. the receptor changes its shape in order to bind the signal and to function
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When signals bind to the protein receptors,
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it depends if the receptor is found on the nuclear or cell membrane. |
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genes are turned on or off. |
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gates open up and then there is a cellular response, such as an action potential. |
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the receptor changes its shape in order to bind the signal and to function. |
Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. It is single cell machinery that contains all the requirements for carrying out biochemical reactions. There are various organelles inside a cell where these biochemical reactions take place.
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- Proteases are enzymes that destroy proteins. Application of these enzymes to an intact cell strips the proteins off the cell surface. If a specific signaling molecule is added to cells stripped of surface proteins and the cell still responds, what must be true of the signaling pathway? The receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel. The signaling molecule doesn't need a receptor. The signal can directly activate the second messenger system and does not need to activate the receptor. The receptor for this signal is inside the cell, and the signaling molecule is nonpolar and can diffuse into the cell.When a signaling molecule binds to a receptor located in the cell membrane, the signal / information is carried further into the cell via the receptor. The signal / information will lead to some type of change inside in cells in response to the signal it received. What this change is depends on the type of signaling molecule that binds to the cell (but may also depend on the type of cell that the signaling molecule binds to). In some cases, the change that takes place in the cell will be rapid and take a few seconds off that the signaling molecule binds to the receptor until the change takes place (fast signaling pathway). In some cases the change will take much longer, perhaps several hours from the time the signaling molecule binds to the receptor until the change occurs in the cell (slow signaling pathway). Explain how the signal path would be be able to look when it is fast and what it could look like when it is slow.Which of the following statements most accurately describes what happens when an antagonist binds to a receptor? The antagonist binds non-covalently to the receptor and promotes internalisation of the receptor. Antagonist binding alters the structure of the receptor making it unable to function normally. At sufficiently high concentrations the antagonist can prevent the receptor from binding to its natural (endogenous) ligand. The antagonist-receptor complex binds to a heterotrimeric G protein forming a stable and inactive ternary complex.
- Which of the following is most likely an example of signaling through a transmembrane receptor? The influenza virus recognizes specific proteins on the surface of host cells, causing the entrance of genetic materials into the cytoplasm of the host cells. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) bind to receptor proteins found on the membrane of receiving cells, triggering its internalization into the receiving cells. The binding of interleukin-6 (IL-6) to the interleukin-6 receptor causes the activation of protein kinases in the cytoplasm, activating the transcription factor NF-κB. The binding of aldosterone to the aldosterone receptor activates its transcription activity, leading to the transcription of genes that promote the uptake of ions and water.The step(s) involved in cell signaling are: Signaling cell synthesizes and secretes a signaling molecule The signaling molecule binds to a receptor of the target cell O Extracellular signal is converted into O intracellular signal followed by the response All of the aboveWhich of the following is the best description of how a G protein coupled receptor responds to a ligand binding? O Binding of ligand to the receptor causes the G protein to swap out GTP for GDP Binding of ligand to the receptor causes the G proteins to dimerize and trigger cross-phosphorylation Binding of ligand to the receptor causes the G protein to become activated, then the G protein travels through the plasma membrane to activate an enzyme Binding of ligand to the G protein triggers it to swap out GDP for GTP, causing it to become activated OOO O
- The figure below illustrates a model of a signal transduction cascade, initiated by the bind- ing of a ligand to a membrane-bound receptor. ligand A partial model of a signal transduction pathway A inactivated molecules B -receptor protein A D activated molecule 1 Based on the figure, which of the following describes the most likely outcome of a mutation that changes the intracellular region of receptor protein A? activated molecule 2 activated molecule 3 The receptor will not activate molecule 1, but the activation of molecules 2 and 3 will continue at lower rates. Molecule 1 will not become activated, preventing the activation of molecules 2 and 3 and the subsequent cellular response. с The ligand will not be able to bind the membrane-bound receptor, preventing the signal transduction pathway from initiating. The ligand that binds to protein A will not enter the cell, preventing the cellular response from occurring.If a metabotropic (GPCR) receptor is activated, all of the following can occur except for Opening of a G protein-gated ion channel. Changes in gene expression. Opening of an ion channel within the receptor. Changes in the levels of a second messenger.Histamine is a chemical substance released in inflammatory and allergic response. The histamine H1 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates phospholipase C in response to the binding of histamine. Arrange the data below showing the process of histamine signal transduction from the H1 receptor. Calcium ions flow through ligand-gated ion channel. Phosphorylation cascade leads to the activation of a cellular response. Calcioum ions activate a protein, leading to a cellular response. Enzyme cleaves PIP2, forming DAG and IP3. Calcium iom concentration increases in the cytosol. IP3 binds to a ligand-gated ion channel in thw ER membrane.
- Which of the following steps occurs first in cell to cell communication? O A membrane protein changes conformation OA ligand binds to a receptor O A G-protein is activated O A docking protein is phosphorylated PreviousA drug binds to a receptor and causes an immediate change in the electrical signaling or excitability of that cell, without activating another signaling molecule. What type of receptor is this drug most likely binding to? G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Ligand-gated ion channel Enzyme-coupled receptor Intracellular receptor Voltage-gated ion channelWhy is the lifetime of second messengers so crucial to signaling efficiency? Example: Genetically engineering a second messenger by increasing its lifetime would decrease the efficiency of its signal in a cell's signaling system.