Ribosomal RNA

Gene expression helps these cells become differentiated in two steps called transcription and translations. Transcription occurs to produce messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which then helps carry out the translation process by coding for a specific series of amino acids translated into polypeptides, creating a special chain of amino acids that is added on to a DNA strand. Now that the cell

Introduction Every winter the snow falls, and people get sick. Both of these items have components in common. Both the snow that falls, and the bacteria that gets people sick may be small, but when allowed to accumulate, characteristics of them become visible. While snow is made from frozen water, with flakes differentiating in the structure of them, bacteria is like that, to a sense. Certain bacteria families may have similar genomes, they do have slight differences that make up what they are. Just

Two years later, in 1989, the consumption of L. monocytogenes contaminated shrimp was found to be responsible for 10 confirmed cases of listeriosis with 100% mortality in Connecticut, USA (Riedo et al., 1994). In 1993, Goulet et al. (1998) described 38 human cases of listeriosis associated with consumption of rillettes (pork product) contaminated with the organism in France in 1993. Two years later, Büla et al. (1995) described 57 human cases of listeriosis with 32% deaths due to consumption of

transcription, which is broken down into three stages. First the RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at a promoter region, this promoter region contains sequences which allow binding of the RNA polymerase. The second stage of transcription is elongation, as the DNA is unwound the RNA polymerase forms the singled stranded mRNA molecule. Like with DNA, the RNA is made of nucleotide bases with the exception that instead of thymine there is uracil. As the RNA polymerase forms the mRNA, complementary bases pair up

Treatment of infectious diseases becomes more difficult in the past few decades. This is especially true for infections caused by the human pathogen P. aeruginosa. This pathogen has the ability to rapidly develop the low antibiotic susceptibility to multiple classes of antibiotics. Some important regulatory factors, such as two-component systems, quorum sensing systems, and the type III secretion systems (T3SS), have been considered as attractive targets to reduce bacterial virulence [33]. The

1. Evolutionary theory is that organisms that have heritable traits that help them adapt better to their environment, are most likely to survive, reproduce and be able to pass on their genes to their next generation. A question that evolutionary theory can answer is why species are from each other. The environment chooses characteristics on the organism. Darwin’s theory is that people evolve from their simplistic ancestor over times. Diverse form of life comes from natural selection, including

Introduction to poly-phosphate. Life relies on iInorganic phosphate is asthe main energy source of life, and for many biochemical reactions and biological processes. No itIt relies on ATP as the energy source – be more precise…. Inorganic phosphate can be found free in and out the cytoplasm aslike many others inorganic ions but, in living organisms, it is more common to find it forming linear polymers – no it isn’t! – it is predominantly found as Pi or bound to organic molecules. – you need to start

Specific Objective #2: Stalling, collision, and ribosome recovery in E. coli protein translation. It has long been known that when a ribosome encounters clusters of rare codons, the ribosome can be “rescued,” where a specialized tmRNA molecule allows the ribosome to abort translation of the current peptide chain via the simultaneous completion of the polypeptide with a fast-degradation tag and cleavage/degradation of the mRNA molecule at the site of stalling69-71. Ribosome rescue is a fundamental

Genes are transcribed to yield one of three types of RNA. These RNA types include messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Messenger RNA carries the genetic instructions needed to manufacture polypeptides. Messenger RNA is absolutely necessary, because genes cannot leave the nucleus. They pass their information to mRNA, which transports that information to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs at the ribosome. Protein synthesis is the manufacturing of functional

epigenetic mechanisms, and a growing number of epigenetic alterations in AD have been described recently (5). The best characterized epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs). It is becoming increasingly evident the interplay between these mechanisms to establish the epigenetic states and expression patterns of many mammalian genes (1–3). For instance, it has been described that trimethylation