Buchanan Design Thinking

Design is defined by Webster as “to create, fashion, execute, or construct according to plan; to conceive and plan out in the mind; to have as a purpose; to devise for a specific function or end; to conceive or execute a plan; or to draw, lay out, or prepare a design.”

As former Rhode Island School President, John Maeda, noted at the Congressional STEAM caucus kick-off event "Innovation depends on the problem solving, risk taking and creativity that are natural to the way artists and designers think, art and science – once inextricably linked – are better together than apart.” (Ghanbari, 2015)

C. Alexander and H. Simon are mentioned as the originators of those two conceptions of design, creating tension until this day. However, they rather speak of design and not design thinking. Thus the origins of the term in design texts is investigates, starting with Peter Rowe’s “Design Thinking” published in 1987, as well as other researchers and authors. One is Nigel Cross, studying how designers think and solve problems, yet he prefers “designerly ways of knowing.” Next, Kimbell focuses on design as a de-politicizing force in management, noting the contributions to the most mainstream understanding and usage of the term promoted by IDEO (one of the most influential design consultancies). Contrary to IDEO’s Tim Brown imposition of design thinking as a human-centered activity, Roger Martin argues that design thinking gives business a competitive advantage. More perspectives are given in the paper, then compared and dug deeper

According to Richard Buchanan, in his article “Declaration by Design: Rhetoric, Argument, and Demonstration in Design Practice,” communication, or more specifically, rhetoric, is a central component of all design. Rhetoric, in this case, means persuasive communication, or an “art of shaping society, changing the course of individuals and communities, and setting patterns for new action.” The rise in technology has caused it to be a vital aspect within design and rhetoric. A more prominent aspect of this article, however, is the three elements of design argument. These elements are logos, or technological reasoning and bridge between natural and social sciences, ethos, or the character and bridge between ethics and politics, and pathos, the

But in contemporary society, there is no single definition that covers design completely, or even fields of professional practice as graphic or industrial design that adequetly cover the diversity of ideas and practices as once existed. (pg3 wicked problems in Design thinking book THE IDEA OF DESIGN)

Not only that his career in the design field was becoming greater and greater every day, but also his job as a writer. He was only thirty-three when he sat down and thought of writing his classic book, Thoughts on Design, which turned out to be one of his best ones yet. Even though he was young at the moment and he had not achieved all the great successes that he had later on in his life, he was ready to write the book. Rand admitted, however, that he was insecure as a writer but that his passion for the subject was the only thing that was keeping him going. At the same time, he was learning so much from his day job on Madison Avenue that it is important to say more with fewer words, which he successfully incorporated in his Thoughts on Design

The argument of design says that in order for things to come about, there has to be a designer. It states that the world constitutes

Design is what I called the spreading of my mind. It is the act that I use in my day to day

He used the tangled weird rope example to demonstrate his argument about CEOs becoming great designers and how people are connected /tied together by human experiences. He also defined the term “design” as something that does not yet exist, but will eventually exist when a leader arranges his/her elements to become a reality.

In 1988 Australian design theorist and philosopher Tony Fry published his book Design History Australia. In this book Fry provides a contemporary perspective of design and its history. The book covers a wide variety of topics related to design history that are focused on the field of industrial design. Design History Australia provides reasons as to why a history of Australian design is important as well as giving a critical analysis of texts written on this topic. Fry also highlights the importance of designers having knowledge of design theory and he suggests a method of design study that he deems appropriate for Australia. In his final chapter Fry applies this method to three case studies: The Great White Train, MacRobertson’s Ltd and Australia’s

1. Hodgman’s example of an iPhone describes the design being easily forgettable but he says it is a design that you can do multiple things with. It is something that becomes a part of our everyday life. I would say that design could be interpreted as something with an intended purpose. It could just be for enjoyment of art. It could be a piece of technology that’s intended to help everyday life. Or it could be as the chapter explains, a program design. Basically that means what occurs during training.

Meredith Davis’s book “Graphic Design Theory” was published in September 2012 by Thames & Hudson. This book blends a study of historical thinking of design with contemporary / modern approach to it. It also suggests students to critically analyse their work and asks them to adopt the design theories to embellish their practical design work as it will help them construct better work. This book also helps in understanding the consumers and the history of Graphic Design and also talks about a range of theories and introduces a collection of concepts and sources for future use and reference. In this book, Meredith Davis talks about the relationship of visual representation to the contexts of design. It talks about focusing on the broad and long term aftereffects of design and not to design only for the moment and responding to prompt needs.

A design is a plan or a sketch produced to show the function or the workings of a specific space which are made before constructing or applying the product. (Farlex)

Universal Design is an enduring and innovative design process that ‘enables and empowers a diverse population by improving human performance, health and wellness, and social participation’ (Steinfeld & Maisel, 2012). The original Principles of Universal Design were created in the late nineties by

DAVID DUNNE ROGER MARTIN Joseph L. Rotman School of Management Roger Martin, dean of the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, is interviewed on the subject of “design thinking”—approaching managerial problems as designers approach design problems—and its potential impact on management education. Under a design-thinking paradigm, students would be encouraged to think broadly about problems,