Heart In Diabetes Summary

Cardiovascular diseases has affected large number of population worldwide and in developed countries it is responsible for half of all deaths, coronary artery disease (CAD) alone is responsible for 1 of every 4.7 deaths in the United States (Eichner et al., 2002).

The health issue that I researched was type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and is a disease that causes blood glucose levels to rise higher than normal, which is also referred to as hyperglycemia, according to www.diabetes.org. According to www.webmd.com , Type 2 diabetes tends to develop later on in adulthood compared to type 1 diabetes that is often seen in young people who have diabetes. As mentioned earlier, type 2 diabetes causes abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood. With higher levels of glucose/sugar in the blood, capillaries can be damaged, which can cause various problems such as blindness, and nerve loss, which can become so extreme in extremities such as the foot, that parts of the foot or the whole foot may have to be amputated. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular problem are directly related as chest pains, strokes, heart attacks and high blood pressure are all associated with type 2 diabetes. Www.mayoclinics.org states that though no exact link has

Why do we treat diabetes? There are a number of downstream events associated with abnormal blood glucose levels. If glucose levels are managed properly, the complications associated diabetes can be controlled, and sometimes completely prevented. The main problem with having more than the normal amount of glucose circulating in the blood stream is the effect that excess glucose can have on both large and small blood vessels (DTC, 2004). Micro-vascular and macro-vascular problems associated with diabetes can be seen in the heart, eyes, kidney, legs and feet. Diabetic patients are twice as likely to suffer from a mycocardial infaraction, twenty-five times more likely to suffer blindness, and seventeen times more likely to suffer kidney failure compared to a non-diabetic (DTC, 2004). Because of great number of risks associated with abnormal blood glucose levels, diabetes is aggressively treated to improve the quality of life and prevent complications in patients.

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

Hyperglycemia is a very serious risk for heart disease and strokes. Complications from hyperglycemic diabetes may include coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, arrhythmias, or even death. High blood glucose (sugar) levels over time can lead to excess fatty deposits on the insides of your blood vessel walls. These deposits often affect blood flow, which increases the possibility of blood vessels clogging and/or hardening. As a result, this leads to heart disease. Furthermore, those with diabetic heart disease (DHD) may have less success with heart disease treatments, such as angioplasty or artery bypass grafting. “The common clustering of these risk factors in a single individual has been called the metabolic syndrome.” (Scott 1134) Uncontrolled diabetes, the biggest contributor to heart disease, is almost four times higher for adults than those without diabetes. The best way to prevent diabetic heart disease is to control it by way of reducing the risk factors through diet and lifestyle changes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pandemic that affects millions of people. The growth rate of unrecognized pre-diabetes in America is expected to rise up to 52% by 2020 (Lorenzo, 2013). As the prevalence of diabetes increases, so will the complications and burden of the disease. One of the leading causes for cardiovascular disease, renal failure, nontraumatic lower limb amputations, stroke, and new cases of blindness is DM (Lorenzo, 2013).

However, because Danny does have diabetes, his health is in a poorer state and his risk for developing cardiovascular disease is increased. Diabetes is defined as having a fasting plasma glucose value of 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) or higher. Every year, diabetes claims many lives; for example, in 2008, diabetes was responsible for 1.3 million deaths all across the world (World Heart Federation, N.p., n.d). When looking at cardiovascular disease with diabetes, data shows that of all diabetics who die, 60% of them die as a result of cardiovascular disease (World Heart Federation, N.p., n.d). Cardiovascular risk increases with raised glucose values. The risk of cardiovascular events is from two to three times higher in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and the risk is disproportionately higher in women (World Heart Federation, N.p., n.d). From this we can infer that if my mother or I did have diabetes, it would be likely that that would increase our risk to a greater degree compared to Danny’s risk, because he is a male. Cardiovascular risk increases with raised glucose values. In addition, within certain age groups, people with diabetes have a two-fold increase in the risk of stroke. Patients with diabetes also have a poorer prognosis after cardiovascular events compared to people without diabetes. Primary care access to measurement of blood glucose and cardiovascular risk assessment as well as

This particular research was driven by the demand of the regulatory guidelines that deals with reduction of risks. The cases of cardiovascular risks among patients are have been reported to increase in the recent days. The regulatory guidance require being presented for the cardiovascular outcomes that can be used in the therapies of type 2 diabetes treatment. However, the

compared the impact of cardiovascular disease in non-diabetics and diabetics in the Framingham cohort study. The incidence of cardiovascular disease among diabetic men was twice that among non diabetic men. Among diabetic women the incidence of cardiovascular disease was three times that among non diabetic women. Judging from a comparison of standardized coefficients for the regression of incidence of cardiovascular disease on specified risk factors, there is no indication that the relationship of risk factors to the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease is different for diabetics and non-diabetics. The author finally concluded that the role of diabetes as a cardiovascular risk factor does not derive from an altered ability to contend

Furthermore, despite the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) did not show a significant trend in the reduction of myocardial infarction (MI) rates, the 10-year follow up of this trial

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main

cause slower heart rates [95]. We cannot rely solely on reduced heart rates only to diagnose CAN because with advanced nerve dysfunction, heart rates can be normal [95] but it persists in higher rates than patients without any diseases [96]. As a result, heart rate cannot be a reliable factor to determine CAN; however, decreased heart rate is the primary manifestation of CAN [95]. CAN is considered as a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that threatens life of patients with diabetes [97]. Its worldwide prevalence varies from 1.6% to 90% [98]. Dysfunction of autonomic nerve fibers that regulate heart rate, cardiac output, myocardial contractility, cardiac electrophysiology, blood vessel constriction and dilatation can be defined as CAN [97, 99]. There are many cardiac disorders that are associated with CAN such as resting tachycardia, intraoperative cardiovascular instability, arrhythmias, asymptomatic myocardial infarction and ischemia and increased rate of mortality after myocardial infarction [97, 99]. CAN is diagnosed by several clinical symptoms, such as postural hypotension, dizziness, light headedness, presyncope, syncope and early fatigue and exhaustion during exercise; all of these are demonstrated in later stages [98]. The first finding of CAN is, decreased heart rate variability (HRV), which is a subclinical finding and can be diagnosed through deep respiration [100]. It can occur even in normal heart rate conditions [100]. Increased resting heart

It is a well known fact that diabetes can affect the functioning of the heart, kidneys, eyes and nerves but few people realize that diabetes can also lead to dental problems especially in those who are past 45 years of age. In many cases dental problems in diabetics can lead to loss of teeth. This situation can be prevented to a great extent by becoming aware of the various dental problems caused by diabetes and taking timely preventive steps to avoid them. The main causes of dental problems are lack of proper dental hygiene and heredity. Diabetes only increases the risk of periodontal diseases and aggravates the effects of these causative factors. The problem with diabetics is that their bodies do not process sugar adequately resulting

There is growing concern that intense glucose lowering or the use of certain agents may be associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

Diabetic nephropathy is considered a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus that affects approximately one-third of