Research Paper On Neephropathy

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

Causes of kidney disease are wide-ranging in number; however diabetes, high blood pressure, inherited disease, and infection remain to be the contenders of cause (Davidson, 2011). Acute kidney disease can be identified by anuria and oedema. CKD is often called a “silent” killer, because instead of a sign, that would render immediate evidence, CKD only provides symptoms that many don’t know to correlate to renal issues. The symptoms may also increase at the latter stages of the

Nephritis is the inflammation of one or both kidneys. Causes may include: kidney conditions, lupus nephritis, neuropathy etc. Types of nephritis include: acute, chronic, glomerulonephritis, and autoimmune. Symptoms include: cloudy and bloody urine or reduced urine, and loin pain.

The disease may cause similar changes in the blood vessels of the kidneys. This condition, called diabetic nephropathy, may lead to kidney failure. The nerves may also be affected by diabetes. This complication, known as diabetic neuropathy, can result in loss of feeling or abnormal sensations in different parts of the body.

body systems. Marked oliguria (scant) to none (anuria) would develop.(Gould, B. E., pg. 460, 2011).

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses to advanced stages. Early detection of this disease is essential when it comes to treatment. If CKD is diagnosed early enough the disease progression can be slowed down and managed. This disease will eventually lead to failure of the kidneys

According to National Kidney Foundation (2010), the majority of people with diabetes tend to develop kidney disease. This is probably the result of poor or improper dietary and life-style practices, although genetics seem to be a factor. This makes it the single leading cause of kidney failure. High blood pressure/Hypertension is another pre-disposing factor of kidney failure. This disease is also aggravated by improper dietary and life-style practices. High blood pressure/Hypertension speeds up the loss of kidney function and eventually leads to kidney failure. It also appears to have genetic and familial factors (National Kidney Foundation, 2010).

Synopsis: Acute Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is the result of an antigen-antibody reaction where insoluble immune complexes develop and become trapped in glomerular tissue producing swelling and death of capillary cells. APSGN usually occurs after a latent period of one to three weeks following a sore throat or skin infection. It is occurs predominantly in children aged five to seven, and mainly affects boys than girls. The most likely cause of the throat infection in the six-year old child is due by a group A beta hemolytic streptococcal infection. The bacteria do not infect the kidney filters; it is the proteins from the blood that and proteins from the bacteria that injure the filers. He does not require treatment, as natural

Nephritic syndrome usually damages the glomerulus by immune-mediated injury. The causes for inflammation is either from an antibody targeting components of the glomerulus, or from immune complexes generated in the body are trapped by glomerular filtration. These immune complexes eventually lead to the activation of the

Nephrotic syndrome occurs when filtering units of the kidneys become damaged. As a result, protein which is usually kept in the plasma begins to leak into the urine in excessive amounts, which decreases the amount of protein in your body (Nephrotic Syndrome , n.d.). Nephrotic syndrome is caused by various disorders that can damage the kidneys. This damage results in too much protein being excreted in the urine. In addition to this, Nephrotic syndrome consists of various symptoms such as protein in the urine, elevated cholesterol levels, low blood protein levels in the blood, high triglyceride levels, and swelling. This condition can be diagnosed, upon arrival to the doctor’s office a physical exam will be performed. Laboratory tests will be

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

The prognosis of nephrotic syndrome depends the sensitivity to the corticosteroid treatment, the underlying cause and the patient factors. Patients who are sensitive to corticosteroid treatment have a good prognosis and their risk to develop renal failure is small, while in the other hand patients who are resistant to corticosteroid treatment have a poor prognosis and they have a high risk up to 50% to develop renal failure. The second factor is the cause of nephrotic syndrome for example idiopathic membranous nephropathy is one of the primary form of the NS and the most common type, it has an appropriate prognosis in general and the prognosis can follow one of three pathways, one is a good course with high rate of cure from the disease, another one the patient may develop edema with normal renal function and the last one may progress to renal failure within 10

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is the major micro-vascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is the main cause for end-stage kidney disease. In view of metabolic derangements of T2DM, we went further to investigate the role played by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), lipocalin-2 (LCN2), and omentin-1 in DN. Patients and methods: 15 normo-albuminuria T2DM, 15 micro-albuminuria T2DM and 15 macro-albuminuria T2DM in addition to 15 healthy volunteer who served as control group were enrolled in this study. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Plasma Ox-LDL, omentin- 1 and urinary LCN2 levels by immunoassy and TLR4 mRNA level with real time PCR were assessed. Results: TLR4 gene expression, Plasma ox-LDL, urinary LCN2 levels were increased in T2DM cases as compared to their allied control group with the higher values were for macro-albuminuria T2DM cases. Meanwhile Plasma omentin-1 level was decreased in T2DM cases when compared to their allied control group with least values were for macro-albuminuria T2DM cases. Also there were positive correlations between TLR4 mRNA, ox-LDL, urinary LCN2 levels and serum creatinine, fasting blood glucose, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, meanwhile omentin 1 showed negative correlations with serum creatinine, fasting blood glucose, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. Conclusions: Ox-LDL, TLR4, LCN2 and omentin 1 may confer a relevant role in diabetic nephropathy development and

Diabetes is highly prevalent condition, affecting 8.2 % of adults globally or 382 million people. Incidence is increasing with a estimated global prevalence of 592 million people by 2035. It further results in Chronic kidney disease & further may lead to ESKD(End-Stage Kidney Disease).

research paper, is to provide a general overview of the causes of kidney failure, shedding light on it