Chapter 20, Problem 20.32SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the $p{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the $\text{pH}$ value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are $p{K}_{\text{a}}$ value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the $p{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the $\text{pH}$ value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are $p{K}_{\text{a}}$ value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the $p{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the $\text{pH}$ value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are $p{K}_{\text{a}}$ value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the $p{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the $\text{pH}$ value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are $p{K}_{\text{a}}$ value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The arrangement of compounds in order of increasing acidity is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

An electron withdrawing nature is related to the $p{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of compound. The more acidic strength increases the formation of the hydrogen ions and decreases the $\text{pH}$ value of the solution. The major factors that contribute to the acidic strength are $p{K}_{\text{a}}$ value, inductive effect and polarity. There are two types of inductive effects named as positive and negative inductive effect. Positive inductive effect lowers the acidic strength of the compounds, whereas negative inductive effect increases the acidic strength of the compounds.