Insulin resistance

difficult to manage. The connection between extreme obesity and the inevitable insulin resistance of the body is widely known throughout the population. The problem is real and it is thoroughly documented by research institutions around the world. Type II Diabetes develops when insulin secretion cannot keep the body at normal glycemic levels, causing insulin secretion and tissues that do not respond properly to the insulin that is being secreted. Despite associated complications that are associated

Wright State University Dayton OH. Keywords: Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease, Physical Training, Abstract: Introduction Diabetes occur when there is a combination of inadequate secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells and the peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin resistance leads to a reduced glucose transport into the muscle cells, increases both hepatic glucose production and breaking down of fats because it has been attributed to the elevated level of free fatty acids and

healthcare problem of type 2 diabetes results mainly from its association with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Indeed, type 2 diabetes has now been identified as one manifestation of the “metabolic syndrome”, a condition characterised by insulin resistance and associated with a range of cardiovascular factors (Jonathan 2003) According to Zimmet (2001), about 150 million people in the world have been suffering with diabetes and it would be 300 million by 2025. Another interesting study by AusDiab

children is severely compromised. Formerly known as adult onset and/or insulin resistant diabetes T2DM occurs due to the cell inability to properly use insulin which then results in lowered secretion of insulin as well as insulin resistance. Proactive steps if taken during pre-diabetic stages in the form of increased activity, dietary changes, weight reduction, and use of medicinal intervention in order to increase sensitivity to insulin and decrease production of glucose helps

ii. High fat diets that lead to weight gain also leads to high IL-6 expression; the opposite is true of low fat and high carbohydrate diets. b. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine from macrophages and monocytes. i. Generally, insulin-resistant individuals have higher TNF-α levels in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and plasma. ii. Receptors for TNF-α are increased in obese individuals. iii. Dietary restrictions alone can decrease TNF-α, reducing inflammatory response. iv. High

diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Type 1 DM once known as juvenile diabetes or Insulin dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Although type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, it typically appears

Discussion Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a heterogeneous disorder disease. It is characterized by varying degrees of impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance (lebovitz, 2001 & fletcher et.al. 2002). Thus, T2DM is largely caused by social and lifestyle factors that can be readily controlled. A medical approach is not always sufficient for T2DM management and lifestyle modification should be considered. Obesity assumed to be a risk factor for insulin resistance and elevated

glucose, fat & protein metabolism resulting from: Impaired insulin secretion, varying degree of insulin resistance, or both. Type I diabetes accounts for 5-10% of cases of diabetes, while Type II diabetes accounts for 80% of cases of diabetes in USA & UK Diabetes Mellitus is classified to primary and secondary diabetes, the primary diabetes is either20: a. Type 1 or Insulin Dependent DM (IDDM) b. Type 2 or non-insulin Dependent DM (NIDDM) While secondary diabetes may be: a.

factor. Main neuropathological hallmarks identified in Alzheimer’s brains are beta-amyloid deposits, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and astrogliosis [1]. Recently, dysregulated brain insulin signaling has been reported to play a pivotal role in AD pathology. Additionally, several studies have indicated that insulin malfunction induces beta amyloid accumulation and tau pathology in AD brain [2]. Thus, Alzheimer’s disease has been argued to be a type III diabetes [3, 4]. Given the specific nature of

TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) This type of diabetes commonly occurs in the later stage of life but due to increase in obesity; it also occurs in young adult. Type 2 diabetes can be defined as insulin resistant and insulin deficiency in the blood stream. OBESITY Obesity can be defined as been overweight with excess accumulated body fat by subcutaneously and viscerally; resulting in a high body mass index (BMI) which has negative effects on health (Taylor et al, 2010). BMI is defined by dividing