Sociological Research On Social And Class Differences

2. Based on the scale of measurement for each variable listed below, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing the data?

Mean (X) is a measure of central tendency and is the sum of the raw scores divided by the number

Included in this report is an excel file with all the scores used to calculate the following data, it will help understand the following central tendency better, as far as where these numbers were taken. Central tendency includes the commonly used mean, mode and median. This helps analyze data more effectively and for through understanding of research. I will highlight the most significant ones here.

America is supposedly where all men are created equally, yet society has created a hierarchy based on socioeconomic standing and political power. Theorists Karl Marx and Max Weber has applied their theories of social class on the model of social stratification; a system in which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. According to Karl Marx, the main classes of society are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat; those that are the owners of the means of productions and those who work for it. On the other hand, Max Weber argued that there is a multidimensional ranking rather than a hierarchy of clearly defined classes. America has created a social system in which those of middle and lower classes tend to struggle to decrease the gap

American life is driven by the people’s income, education and occupation. These factors play a role in America’s class system. The social class in America can not be upheld by law but rather the social class is a concept. Social classes divide groups of people based on their wealth and status. America was formed as a “classless society” (Rocca) but beliefs change throughout history altering this and creating the class system.

(60.4.1) Calculate and interpret statistics of variability (e.g., range, mean absolute deviation) and central tendency (e.g., mean, median).

For the measure of central tendency in this sample, I have chosen to use the mode. This gives the same result presented in the summary above, both for each category and for all overlapping categories. The mode for ethnicity is Caucasian; for gender is female; and for children is a lack thereof. To calculate variation, I also used the Index of Qualitative Variation (IQV), which measures the percentage of difference between categories relative to the maximum possible differences. For example, when I used the IQV on my “Ethnicity” data points, I ended with a value of 20%. This means that 20% of the maximum possible differences for that category have been employed. The higher the value, the more diversity

In this paper I will contrast how Marx and Weber understood the undergirding social dynamics of capitalist society. Whereas Marx look at social classes and class struggle, Weber focuses on different spheres of status, class situation, and power group (being associations of people that tried to influence social actions). Durkheim, a structural functionalist, argued everything in society exist for a purpose, and that society is bounded together by ideas and social unity, what he calls: social solidarity. Weber focused on rationality and bureaucracy, he believed they were key elements of modern society and saw as central to their functioning the way in which people felt in their living situation. Marx, with a very different approach, looked at how capitalist came into being with a dominant class owning the means of productions, and a working class being compelled to selling its labor. Each of these school of thoughts have been picked up by sociologists in later era and form their own branches. With each focusing on different aspects of society, we can look at the tension between these schools of thought. As diverse as the theories are, there are still shared aspects but with different understandings/ arguments. For this paper, I 've chosen the concepts of social classes and class struggles from Marxian, and ideas on status and class situation in Weber, and also explain my own particular view on how these help us understand modern society.

Socioeconomic status is often determined as a combination of education, income and occupation. Depending on the social class an individual is in, it affects the power,privileges, and care they are receiving. When looking at lower class, it shows a greater percentage rate of problems that rise in that category. One seemingly growing issue that is seen more in the lower class than any other social class is how many individuals are affected by the HIV/AIDS virus due to unstable living conditions. Though there are many cases of people that have contracted the virus in the other following classes, there is a disproportionately higher rate in the lower class.

This essay will be discussing the extent to which social class and poverty affects health and illness. Firstly, what is social class? Each person’s perception of social class can be different; is social class defined by a person’s accent, the area they live in, or something as simple as their income? Project Britain describes social class as “The grouping of people by occupations and lifestyle”. (Cress, 2014). To find social class Sociologists group people according to common factors, they compare people and various criteria can be conveniently used to place people in social groups or classes. Next we ask the question what determines a person’s health, the NHS defines health as “Physical and mental, it is the absence of disease”. (NHS 2017).

The key terms and definitions that I will be using are: statistics, mean, median, mode, standard deviation, range, and population standard deviation. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to make decisions. The mean of a data set is the sum of the data entries divided by the number of entries. The median of a data set is the value that lies in the middle of the data when the data set is ordered. The mode of a data set is the data entry that occurs with the greatest frequency. Standard deviation is a quantity calculated to indicate the extent of deviation for a group as a whole. The range of a data set is the difference between the maximum and minimum data entries in the set. The population standard deviation of a population data set of N entries is the square root of the population variance (Larson & Farber, 2014).

As regards association between sociodemographic variable and pain intensity, there was a significant relation between pain and socio-demographic data as presented in table (4) where p value <0.005 and there was an overall decrease of pain level on Heifer technique than Traditional technique. Regarding age , the age group from (20-29) have the higher pain level as mean standard was 8±2.4on traditional technique and 5.5±2.5 on Heifer technique , while the patient aged (50-60) have the lowest pain level as mean standard was 6.5±2.1on traditional technique and 5±1.9 on Heifer technique . Regarding gender , the female have highest degree of pain mean standard was 8±2.7on traditional technique and 5.8±2.3 on Heifer technique . Regarding marital

When considering the social class of an individual, I tend to analyze the educational aspect and the experiences they had over the course of their life. As I was growing up, both of my parent social class position is in the working class group. They didn’t have the opportunity to attend college / university nor graduated from high school when they were younger due to the situations that wouldn’t allow it to happen. They grew up in Southern China and their families didn’t have much money for them to go to school. Instead, they were working to earn enough to just buy food and to survived. When they came to the United States, life was better for the both of them. For me, I want to study hard to at least graduate to earn a bachelor degree so I

Another variable I looked at was Worthiness. I would have preferred to measure self-esteem, but again the dataset did not include this as a variable. The variable worthiness was labeled as I am a person of worth. Table 3 shows that it was operationalized from 1 to 5 ranked from strongly disagree to strongly agree. This is an ordinal variable with 5 categories that can be treated as an interval ratio variable. The measure of central tendency used would be the mean and standard deviation. As seen in Table 3, the mean is 4, meaning that the average response was 4) Agree and the standard deviation is .78, meaning that 68% of the responses were in between 3.22 and 4.78, because the standard deviation was high the responses were more scattered from

The mean is the average of all numbers. The Liberal’s mean is 50.76, Conservative’s mean is 38.45 and NDP’s mean is 54.57. The NDP’s mean is higher than Liberal and Conservative. It means that the NDP is more popular than the other two parties and the Conservative, which has the lowest mean, is the less popular party among these three parties. In the data center, means and medians are often tracked over time to spot trends which power cost predictions. The statistical median is the middle number in a sequence of numbers. The median is 56 for Liberal, 38 for conservative and 60 for NDP. As we can see, the mean and the median are related and following each other. When the mean is higher the median is higher too and when the mean is lower the median is lower too. To find the median, organize each number in order by size; the number in the middle is the median. Standard Deviation is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values. A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of values. The standard deviation for Conservative is 31.4 which is higher in relation to the other two parties. The standard deviation for Liberal is 28.4 and for NDP is 27.1. The data points in the conservative party spread out over a wider range of values in relation to the other two parties. The standard