Concept explainers
Interpretation: The reason corresponding to the fact that the given compound has significant dipole, even though it is composed of only
Concept introduction: A molecule must be cyclic, planar, completely conjugated and should follow
According to the Huckel’s rule the number of
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Organic Chemistry
- Define the general structure of Compounds Containing a C=O Group ?arrow_forwardDraw the complete Lewis structure of (CH3)2CHCH(NH2)CO2H and identify all H-bond donors and all H-bond acceptors.arrow_forward(a) When the metallic element sodium combines with the nonmetallic element bromine, Br2(l), how can you determine the chemical formula of the product? How do you know whether the product is a solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature? Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. (b) When a hydrocarbon burns in air, what reactant besides the hydrocarbon is involved in the reaction? What products are formed? Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of benzene C6H6(l), in air.arrow_forward
- Draw the Lewis structure of acetic acid, CH3CO2H, clearly indicating all non-bonding pairs of electrons. Even though nitrogen and phosphorus have the same number of valence electrons, nitrogen can only bond to chlorine four times forming NCl4+ but phosphorus can bond with chlorine five times forming PCl5. Explain. Draw all the isomers of C4H9Br, using bond-line formulas. Draw the Lewis structure of the nitrite ion, NO2–, clearly indicating resonance contributors as well as non-bonding pairs of electrons and formal charges, as relevant. Nitromethane is a polar molecule but contains 2 equal polar covalent bonds. Briefly explain why and draw a relevant 3-dimensional structure to show the overall dipole moment of the molecule. Draw all isomers of C6H12O that are aldehydes.arrow_forwardAcetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) can be synthesized by combining salicylic acid and acetic acid through a condensation reaction. The −OH−OH group from phenol on the salicylic acid condenses with the carboxylic acid group of acetic acid forming acetylsalicylic acid. Draw the structure of acetylsalicylic acid.arrow_forwardCream of tartar is a white powder sometimes used in baking. (It's what separates a tangy, chewy snickerdoodle from an ordinary cinnamon-coated sugar cookie. The acid in the cream of tartar gives snickerdoodles their distinctive tangy flavor, and the chew happens because cream of tartar prevents sugar in the cookie dough from crystalizing into crunchiness. Allrecipies.com) Cream of tartar (KHC4H4O6) is the conjugate base salt of tartaric acid (shown to the right). The Ka for another similar acid is 8.7×10-3. What is the standard Gibb's free energy (in kJ/mol) for the dissociation of that other acid?arrow_forward
- Hydrogen cyanide can be catalytically reduced with hydro-gen to form methylamine. Use Lewis structures and bond ener-gies to determine ΔH°ᵣₓₙ for HCN(g)+2H₂(g)→CH₃NH₂(g)arrow_forwardWhat is the Born-Haber process and how is it important to the world’s economyarrow_forward85. Propane, C3H8, is a hydrocarbon that is commonly used as a fuel. (a) Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of propane gas. (b) Calculate the volume of air at 25 °C and 1.00 atmosphere that is needed to completely combust 25.0 grams of propane. Assume that air is 21.0 percent O2 by volume. (Hint: We will see how to do this calculation in a later chapter on gases—for now use the information that 1.00 L of air at 25 °C and 1.00 atm contains 0.275 g of O2 per liter.) (c) The heat of combustion of propane is −2,219.2 kJ/mol. Calculate the heat of formation, ΔH∘fΔHf° of propane given that ΔH∘fΔHf° of H2O(l) = −285.8 kJ/mol and ΔH∘fΔHf° of CO2(g) = −393.5 kJ/mol. (d) Assuming that all of the heat released in burning 25.0 grams of propane is transferred to 4.00 kilograms of water, calculate the increase in temperature of the water.arrow_forward
- Two useful organic compounds that contain Cl atoms are vinyl chloride (CH2 = CHCI) and chloroethane (CH;CH;CI). Vinyl chloride is the starting material used to prepare poly (vinyl chloride), a plastic used in insulation, pipes, and bottles. Chloroethane (ethyl chloride) is a local anesthetic. Why is the C- Cl bond of vinyl chloride stronger than the C– CIl bond in chloroethane.arrow_forwardUsing your general knowledge of periodic trends in electronegativity, predict whether the C=O bond and the C-H bonds in formaldehyde will be strongly polar, weakly polar or nonpolar. Calculate the electronegativity difference ΔχO-C across the C=O bond and the electronegativity difference ΔχC-H to confirm or correct your predictions. For any strongly polar bond(s) on the molecule, draw the bond dipole moment adjacent to the bond in the VSEPR structure above, using crossed arrow notation to show the direction of the positive and negative bond dipoles. Predict whether the overall molecule should be polar or nonpolar. ___________________ Explain your reasoning below. If the overall molecule is polar, draw the net dipole next to the molecule, using crossed arrow notation to indicate the direction of the dipole.arrow_forwardDraw the line-bond structure of oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid), CH, (CH₂),CH=CH(CH₂),COOH, at physiological pH. Hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms do not need to be drawn. OHarrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning