Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 24, Problem 15TYK
Imagine that you are a systematist studying a group of little- known flowering plants. You discover that the phylogenetic tree based on flower morphology differs dramatically from the phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequences. How would you try to resolve the discrepancy? Which tree would you believe is more accurate?
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Discuss the problems in developing an accurate phylogenetic tree. Do you think it is possible to create a completely accurate universal phylogenetic tree? Explain your answer.
Phylogenetic trees are used to show the evolutionary relationships among various biological species and are usually based upon shared derived characters. In constructing phylogenetic trees, it is useful to first draw up a character table to show the presence or absence of characters among the various groups of organisms being studied.
a. Draw up a character table based upon the following shared derived characters of land plants: flowers, seeds, vascular tissues, and dependent embryos. Your character table must include the names/descriptions of the plant groups that are being characterized.
b. Construct a phylogenetic tree based on this data.
Compare phylogenetic trees created using DNA data with phylogenetic trees created using chromosomal banding patterns. Which technique do you think is more valuable and why?
Chapter 24 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 24.1 - How does the system of binomial nomenclature...Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.2 - What is the difference between a phylogenetic tree...Ch. 24.2 - What are the differences between a monophyletic...Ch. 24.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.5 - How does outgroup comparison facilitate the...Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.6 - What assumption underlies the use of genetic...Ch. 24.6 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24 - The evolutionary history of a group of organisms...Ch. 24 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 24 - Which of the following does not help systematists...Ch. 24 - In a cladistic analysis, a systematist groups...Ch. 24 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 24 - When systematists study morphological or...Ch. 24 - Which of the following pairs of structures are...Ch. 24 - To construct a phylogenetic tree by applying the...Ch. 24 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 24 - Imagine that you are a systematist studying a...Ch. 24 - Design an Experiment Imagine that you are trying...Ch. 24 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 24 - The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae)...
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- What is the difference between a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree? Given a cladogram for a group of species, what additional interpretation is needed to obtain a phylogenetic tree?arrow_forwardWhat is the purpose of using an “outgroup” when reconstructing a phylogenetic tree? Write 4 points at leastarrow_forwardExamine the following phylogenetic tree illustrated in Figure shown in the picture. In general, what does a phylogenetic tree illustrate? How do you compare the relationships of organisms BB, CC, and DD?arrow_forward
- List the differences between distance-based and character-based methods for constructing a phylogenetic tree. Which type is maximum parsimony? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardCan you construct a phylogenetic tree for the following?arrow_forwardWhat is the purpose of using an “outgroup” when reconstructing a phylogenetic tree? (Write 4 points)arrow_forward
- Examine the following phylogenetic tree illustrated in Figure shown in the first picture. In general, what does a phylogenetic tree illustrate? How do you compare the relationships of organisms BB, CC, and DD? Given the following organisms in the Table in the second picture, number them in terms of which is relatively closest and distant. Number 1 refers to closest.arrow_forwardDraw a simple phylogenetic tree for two sisters clades with a common ancestor. Each sister clade consists of two taxa. Define the following terms and use to label your diagram: clade, node, branch, common ancestor, and taxon.arrow_forwardWhat explanation can be derived from the constructed phylogenetic tree above?arrow_forward
- Phylogenetic trees are a type of model that can be used to show how organisms are related through common ancestry. The phylogenetic tree model represents nodes numbered 1 through 8. Using evidence from the phylogenetic tree determine which species would be MOST closely related to the species on branch C? Question options: The species on Branch A is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most recent common ancestor at node 1. The species on Branch B is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the greatest number of common +ancestors. The species on Branch A & B are both most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most most recent common ancestor at node 2. The species on Branches F, G, H, and I are all equally related to the species on branch C because they all split from a common ancestor at the same time which is illustrated by having nodes 2 and 7 at the…arrow_forwardWhen constructing phylogenetic trees, what is the purpose of applying maximum parsimony? Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious tree requires the maximum evolutionary events. The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious is the one that uses the simplest explanation of evolutionary events.arrow_forwardIn the last lab while creating a phylogenetic tree using PAUP/CIPRES, Fagus grandifolia was specified as the outgroup . Why is this step important? If the outgroup is not specified, PAUP or CIPRES will produce an unrooted tree in which outgroup is not connected to the rest of the tree by a common ancestor If the outgroup is not specified, PAUP or CIPRES will produce an unrooted tree in which the outgroup might not branch off prior to the common ancestor of the organisms under study O If the outgroup is not specified, PAUP or CIIPRES will produce an unrooted tree. Unrooted trees do not follow the Law of Parsimony All options are incorrectarrow_forward
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