Reaction Paper On Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

The increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is causing huge health problem through out the world including developed countries. Mostly people with low income groups are affected in developed countries (Zimmet 2001).The magnitude of the healthcare problem of type 2 diabetes results mainly from its association with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Indeed, type 2 diabetes has now been identified as one manifestation of the “metabolic syndrome”, a condition characterised by insulin resistance and associated with a range of cardiovascular factors (Jonathan 2003)

Diabetes is a growing concern and health challenge for the American people (b). Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot react to insulin appropriately or either cannot produce insulin efficiently (w). “Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications” (w). There are numerous forms of diabetes amongst the nation, however, there are three main forms of diabetes. Most people have heard of type one diabetes, type two diabetes, and gestational diabetes because they are common. Type two diabetes deals with a resistance to insulin, while

Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic, complex disease that has become a worldwide health crisis. According to the World Health Organization over 422 million people in the world had this disease in 2014 (1), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention stated that in the United States alone 29 million people had diabetes in 2014 (2). While the genetic predisposition contributing to the diabetes phenotype is not fully understood to date it still remains an area of active research. There are also various environmental factors that contribute stress to the glucose homeostasis system that provide a different approach in understanding this disease. Comprehending the pathogenesis of the disease has been an area of constant research for decades. There is hope that pharmaceutical developments can follow along and find medical treatments that can target the key pathogenic elements of this disease.

Insulin resistance is the first physiological change occurring in type two diabetes. In these type two diabetic patients, insulin is unable to move glucose into liver, kidney and muscle cells although insulin is able to attach properly to the cell surface receptors. In order to rectify this, most patients with type two diabetes start secreting normal to very high levels of insulin, which can initially overcome this resistance. After a while, the pancreas cannot keep up with this high insulin production and the cells become resistant to glucose intake. Persistent hyperglycemia or high blood glucose levels are not desirable since this causes damage to the beta cells of the pancreas that produces the insulin hormone. This damage to beta cells further hampers insulin synthesis and patients at this stage are categorized as full-blown diabetic. Such patients consistently show a hyperglycemia state even after hours of fasting ( Hinkle & Cheever,

When you think of diseases, you think of tragic illnesses you can not help. Type 2 diabetes, however, has different circumstances; you inflict this disease upon yourself through lack of proper diet and the results are shocking. You might want to think twice about the health effects that pack of doughnuts has to offer than just all the calories. The effects of being unhealthy go deeper down than just how you look.

This article goes in detail about the complications of Type 2 Diabetes, on how hyperglycemia damages the vascular system leading to microvascular disease and macrovascular disease. The complications of microvascular disease are diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. On the other hand, with macrovascular disease includes Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD), such as Atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the article gives recommendations of treating Type 2 Diabetes and the prevention of its health related complications with medication, screening, diet, and exercise.

Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common disease worldwide. According to the American Diabetes association (ADA), 1808 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with diabetes, and another 7 million are thought to have the disease but have not been diagnosed. (Hilaire, Woods, 2013). This disease has impacted everyone in some way. It is a controllable disease; however many individuals choose not to control it or are uneducated on how to control it. Many people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) also have hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of physical activity, poorly controlled blood sugars, and smoking. “Current evidence supports the concept that hyperglycemia significantly contributes to the development of both cardiovascular and microvascular complications of T2DM” (Chittari, McTernan, 2011). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus, accounting for 50% of all deaths (Campbell & Hillman, 2010).

The effects of diabetes are nothing less than devastating. It is a disease that is affected by interdependent genetic, social, economic, cultural, and historic factors (CDC, 2011a). In the United States, nearly 26 million Americans are living with diabetes, and another 79 million Americans have prediabetes (CDC, 2011a). Diabetes has been associated with reducing the quality of life of people with the disease, and it also has a tremendous economic burden on our health care system. In 2007, diabetes and its complication accounted for $218 billion in direct and indirect costs in 2007 alone (Dall, et al., 2010).

Diabetes type two is a disease that affects millions of Americans every year. [Diabetes is a chronic disease. Alternate names for type two diabetes are, Noninsulin-dependent diabetes and Adult-onset diabetes (Wisse, 2014).]

Another article related to the gene theory titled Genetic and Environmental Factors Associated with type two Diabetes and Diabetic Vascular Complications conducted in 2012 by Murea, MA, and Freedman. This study focused on exploring secondary data to find what researchers have found about the relationship between genes and diabetes, and environmental factors and diabetes. This study focused more on type two diabetes and how it relates to vascular complications. It concentrates on how finding the relationship between genes and diabetic can help finding treatment option for the disease prevention or delay in the disease progression (Murea & Freedman, 2012). The authors also review and article that reviewed the literature supporting genetic determinants in the

Emergency, such as a chronic illness or a childhood disease may occur in any situation. It is important that teachers in any early childhood education situation be prepared to handle emergencies. For example, a child who is diabetic, it is necessary that teachers, should have some knowledge of the disease, know how to take proper action, and that teachers have knowledge about the right diets and nutrition for the child and the child’s family. Our textbook, “Safety, Healthy……., written by ……………, suggested that “teachers must plan for emergencies, be prepared to handle emergencies, and be equipped with the training necessary to deal with life-threatening emergencies as they occur…” (162).

The purpose of the paper was looking at the quality of life of diabetic patients. Type two diabetics that have a support system compared to those that don’t have a support system have an improved quality of life after being diagnosed. The level of evidence of this study was a cross sectional study. Researching the article was done by going to the Clarkson College website, then going to the student life tab and choosing library. Clicking on the “C” on the article database and clicking on the CINAHL Complete link. Typed in diabetes mellitus in the first box, then where it has the first and changed selection to not, then in the second box typed out systematic review. Then scrolled down to where

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that "occurs when the body is unable to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose to enter the cells of the body and generate the body's energy" (Ebony, 115). Diabetes is a disease that affects approximately 3% of the world' population. In American alone, 10.3 million people report having diabetes, while an estimated 10 million more individuals may have undiagnosed diabetes (Morwessel, 540). The gene for diabetes is located in the HLA region on chromosome 6, and the most probable organization of the responsible gene is on a 19-kb region of INS-IGF2, which affects HLA-DR4 IDDM susceptibility. Diabetes Mellitus, was first diagnosed in the year 1000 BC, by the

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.