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- 3. B. In the rare autoimmune Graves’ disease, antibodies are secreted which over-stimulate thyroid gland and cause hypersecretion (overproduction) of thyroid hormone. Predict how hyperactivity of thyroid glands would affect the plasma levels of active Thyroid hormone T3, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), and explain why you would expect these changes in plasma T3, TSH and TRH in Graves’ disease with over-stimulation of thyroid glands?6. With regards to the following hormones, know a) which endocrine gland releases it (the source) b) on what target cell/organ the hormone acts and c) what effect the hormone causes: Hormone Source Target cell/organ Effect Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Prolactin Oxytocin Vasopressin, ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Growth hormone # 24 % & 3 4 7 W E R T Y * C0 < CO2. A patient is having trouble with self-administration of insulin. In a moment of frustration, he asks, “Why can’t I take insulin pills like my grandfather?” What is your response?
- 4. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycogenolysis in the liver: a/low blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/ secretion of glucagon 5. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycogenesis in the liver: a/low blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/ secretion of glucagon 6. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidneys: a/ high blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/ secretion of glucagon - 7. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycolysis: a/ high blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/secretion of glucagon I1. what medical emergency can occur when there is too much insulin in the body?10 List the target tissue and effects of each of the following hormones: a Insulin: b Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): C Growth hormone: d Prolactin: UNIT
- 5. describe a patient who may benefit from Hormone replacement therapy?14. Dr. Jablonski describes learning that low folate levels are linked to severe birth defects as a “eureka moment.” Explain what she means by this. Can you please help me with this question?.4. Explain the three most common types of endocrine pathologies.
- 2. Researchers have discovered significant changes in the gene of some protein, which is a substrate for the insulin receptor. What impact on the insulin signal transduction would such changes have? For the answer: a) draw the scheme of insulin signal transduction in the target cell; b) name proteins and enzymes, activated by insulin in the target cells; c) explain the functions of these enzymes.2. Insulin is a protein hormone released by pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated levels of nutrients in the blood, and plays a key role in several different cell types. Insulin triggers the uptake of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids into liver, adipose tissue and muscle and promotes the storage of these nutrients in the form of glycogen, lipids and protein respectively. Failure to uptake and store nutrients results in diabetes. a. Select the best option. This is an example of paracrine, or neuronal, or endocrine signaling. Explain why you selected this option. Glucose stimulates insulin gene expression in pancreatic beta cells within 2h of glucose treatment. You are investigating the role of the transcription factor, CBP, in the regulation of glucose- stimulated insulin gene expression. You are able to examine insulin mRNA levels with/without glucose treatment in normal cells and mutant cells that lack the transcription factor, CBP, and obtain the results as shown in the…1. A client is experiencing muscle atrophy following 2 weeks in traction after a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to the atrophy of the client's muscle cells? a. High levels of insulin and IGF-1 in the client's blood during immobilization b. Denervation of the affected muscles during the time of traction c. A reduction of skeletal muscle use secondary to the traction treatment d. Reduced oxygen consumption and cellular function that ensures muscle cell survival