Universe
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319039448
Author: Robert Geller, Roger Freedman, William J. Kaufmann
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 15, Problem 60Q
To determine
The action of humanity within the framework of present technology to counter a near-Earth object of size 1994XM1 is on a collision course with Earth.
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Calculate how long radio communications from the spacecraft will take when it encounters Mars. The furthest distance from Earth to Mars is 2.66 AU. Remember that 1 AU = 1.5 x 1011 m and that light travels at 3 x 108 m/s. So how long will the radio messages take to travel this greatest distance of 2.66 AU?
If two way communication between the Earth and the spacecraft involve a 1 s time lapse before an acknowledging signal is sent by the spacecraft, how long a time is there between sending a command to the spacecraft and receiving a reply?
Suppose that Earth grew to its present size in 11 million years from particles averaging 190 g each. On average, how many particles did Earth capture per second? (Notes: 1 yr = 3.2 ✕ 107 s.)
1) How massive would Earth had been if it had accreted hydrogen compounds in addition to the sme properties listed in table 7.1? (Assume the same properties of the ingredients as listed in the table)
2) Now imagine that Earth had been able to capture hydrogen and helium gas in the same proportions as listed in the table. How massive would it have been?
Chapter 15 Solutions
Universe
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Ch. 15 - Prob. 1CLCCh. 15 - Prob. 2CLCCh. 15 - Prob. 1QCh. 15 - Prob. 2QCh. 15 - Prob. 3QCh. 15 - Prob. 4QCh. 15 - Prob. 5QCh. 15 - Prob. 6QCh. 15 - Prob. 7QCh. 15 - Prob. 8QCh. 15 - Prob. 9QCh. 15 - Prob. 10QCh. 15 - Prob. 11QCh. 15 - Prob. 12QCh. 15 - Prob. 13QCh. 15 - Prob. 14QCh. 15 - Prob. 15QCh. 15 - Prob. 16QCh. 15 - Prob. 17QCh. 15 - Prob. 18QCh. 15 - Prob. 20QCh. 15 - Prob. 21QCh. 15 - Prob. 22QCh. 15 - Prob. 23QCh. 15 - Prob. 24QCh. 15 - Prob. 25QCh. 15 - Prob. 26QCh. 15 - Prob. 27QCh. 15 - Prob. 28QCh. 15 - Prob. 29QCh. 15 - Prob. 30QCh. 15 - Prob. 31QCh. 15 - Prob. 32QCh. 15 - Prob. 33QCh. 15 - Prob. 34QCh. 15 - Prob. 35QCh. 15 - Prob. 36QCh. 15 - Prob. 37QCh. 15 - Prob. 38QCh. 15 - Prob. 39QCh. 15 - Prob. 40QCh. 15 - Prob. 41QCh. 15 - Prob. 42QCh. 15 - Prob. 43QCh. 15 - Prob. 44QCh. 15 - Prob. 45QCh. 15 - Prob. 46QCh. 15 - Prob. 47QCh. 15 - Prob. 48QCh. 15 - Prob. 49QCh. 15 - Prob. 50QCh. 15 - Prob. 51QCh. 15 - Prob. 52QCh. 15 - Prob. 53QCh. 15 - Prob. 54QCh. 15 - Prob. 55QCh. 15 - Prob. 56QCh. 15 - Prob. 57QCh. 15 - Prob. 58QCh. 15 - Prob. 59QCh. 15 - Prob. 60Q
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- H5. A star with mass 1.05 M has a luminosity of 4.49 × 1026 W and effective temperature of 5700 K. It dims to 4.42 × 1026 W every 1.39 Earth days due to a transiting exoplanet. The duration of the transit reveals that the exoplanet orbits at a distance of 0.0617 AU. Based on this information, calculate the radius of the planet (expressed in Jupiter radii) and the minimum inclination of its orbit to our line of sight. Follow up observations of the star in part reveal that a spectral feature with a rest wavelength of 656 nm is redshifted by 1.41×10−3 nm with the same period as the observed transit. Assuming a circular orbit what can be inferred about the planet’s mass (expressed in Jupiter masses)?arrow_forwardSuppose that Earth grew to its present size in 11 million years from particles averaging 150 g each. On average, how many particles did Earth capture per second? (Notes: 1 yr = 3.2 ✕ 107 s. See Appendix A to find Earth's mass.)arrow_forwardIn a globular cluster, astronomers (someday) discover a star with the same mass as our Sun, but consisting entirely of hydrogen and helium. Is this star a good place to point our SETI antennas and search for radio signals from an advanced civilization? Group of answer choices No, because such a star (and any planets around it) would not have the heavier elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) that we believe are necessary to start life as we know it. Yes, because globular clusters are among the closest star clusters to us, so that they would be easy to search for radio signals. Yes, because we have already found radio signals from another civilization living near a star in a globular cluster. No, because such a star would most likely not have a stable (main-sequence) stage that is long enough for a technological civilization to develop. Yes, because such a star is probably old and a technological civilization will have had a long time to evolve and develop there.arrow_forward
- On Mars, the average temperature is -64 °F and the average atmospheric pressure is0.92 kPa. (a) What is the number of molecules per volume in theMartian atmosphere? (b) Is the number of molecules per volumeon the Earth greater than, less than, or equal to the number pervolume on Mars? Explain your reasoning. (c) Estimate the numberof molecules per volume in Earth’s atmospherearrow_forwardSuppose we find an Earth-like planet around one of our nearest stellar neighbors, Alpha Centauri (located only 4.4 light-years away). If we launched a "generation ship" at a constant speed of 1500.00 km/s from Earth with a group of people whose descendants will explore and colonize this planet, how many years before the generation ship reached Alpha Centauri? (Note there are 9.46 ××1012 km in a light-year and 31.6 million seconds in a year.arrow_forwardCharan is at NASA analyzing Moon rocks. In one of the rocks from the lunar highlands, he discovered 37 % of the original uranium-238 remains, while remaining amount of uranium-238 had decayed into lead. The half life of uranium-238 is 4.5 × 109 years. Assume the only decay product is lead. How old is the lunar maria rock in billions of years (109 years)?arrow_forward
- The gravitational collapse time for the Sun is a constraint on the timescale for the formation of the Solar System: Using the mass of the Sun and a 6.67 X10-11 in S.I. units (m, kg, sec) as the value for G, calculate the gravitational collapse time in millions of years for the mass of the Sun in a nebula with radius 4 light years. Recall that: ????????=√R^3/GMarrow_forwardXavier is at NASA analyzing Moon rocks. In one of the rocks from the lunar Maria, he discovered 80% of the original uranium-238 remains, while remaining amount of uranium-238 had decayed into lead. The half life of uranium-238 is 4.5 x 109 years. Assume the only decay product is lead. How old is the lunar Maria rock in billions of years (109 years) ?arrow_forward200 years has passed and now it is year 2220. The Earth is out of basic resourcesas they have been drastically drained in the past 200 years. The president of theUnited World Council (UWC) has approved you and your crew’s Mission toMars. You will pilot the most advanced spaceship the world has ever known, theExcelsior! It will carry equipment that will help to transform Mars so as toresemble the Earth, especially so that it can support human life.Before the mission can launch a few items need to be figured out. What is thecapacity of the fuel tank? How long should the fuel burn to achieve escapevelocity (otherwise the Excelsior will be stuck in the Earth’s gravitational pull)?How long will it take the Excelsior to arrive at Mars?1. The ground crew is filling the fuel tanks. You know tharrow_forward
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