Nucleolus Research Paper

[4] – Frank Schluenzen et al, Structure of Functionally Active Small Ribosomal Subunit at 3.3A Resolution

Ribosomes in any type of organism are all the same, but we distinguish between two

5.Nissl bodies are in the soma of the nucleus and are made up ofrough ER.

RNA processing: In eukaryotic cells, introns, non-coding regions of RNA, are removed and a tail and a cap is added to RNA to help its movement.

Nucleus- which is an organelle is found eukaryotic cells. The nucleus is the control point of the cell which helps control movement, eating, reproduction and also contains genetic material. The nucleus and the other organelles are surrounded by the nuclear envelope; it is similar to the cell membrane. The nucleus contains something called chromatin which is made of RNA, DNA and nuclear proteins. DNA contains genetic material and also instructions to how to make our body work properly. DNA is tied up by chromosomes. As the DNA cannot travel outside the nucleus to give instructions, it makes a smaller copy of it self which is known as RNA. The RNA which does travel from the nucleus then gets read by the ribosomes, which then proceeds on to make proteins. The main function of the nucleus is to control gene expression and to help the replication of DNA which takes place during the cell cycle.

Eukaryotic cells contain a sphere-shaped nucleus that protects the genetic information (DNA) and separates it from the cytoplasm. The nucleus itself is protected by a double membrane called, the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is made up of nuclear membranes, nuclear lamina, and nuclear pore complexes. The nuclear lamina is the sturdy protein that gives the nucleus its structure and shape. As well as providing structural support, “the nuclear lamina is required for most nuclear activities, such as chromatin organization, DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, nuclear positioning within the cell, assembly/disassembly of the nucleus during cell division, as well as for modulating master regulatory genes and signaling pathways.” (Baek, McKenna, Eriksson; 2013) The ability of the cell to

The purpose of my research is to explain, describe, tell the history of this nucleus and give information about this will tell you how important the nucleus is to the human.

The Nucleophosmin gene encodes a diverse, nucleolar multifunctional protein Nucleophosmin. Nucleophosmin is found abundantly in highly proliferative cells which suggests it may have a role in determining cell fate. It is specifically localized in granular regions of the nucleoli but it has the ability to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm, which may explain its diverse functionality. It is believed to be involved in several important processes including, ribosome biogenesis, protein chaperoning, cell proliferation, assembly of histones, centrosome duplications, chromatin remodeling and regulation of certain tumor suppressor pathways including the ARF/p53 pathways.

The RNA copy (messenger RNA) of the protein genetic information encoded in DNA molecule is produced in the nucleus. Each mRNA encodes the information for a single protein. They are single strands of nucleotides created during the process of transcription, which acts as a messenger that carries codes from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The mRNA molecules exit the nucleus through tiny openings called nuclear pores. In the cytoplasm, the protein polymers are synthesised through chemical reactions and this helps to enable the actual protein synthesis. Once it exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, the mRNA can interact with the ribosome, which is the cell’s assembler within the process of protein synthesis. The ribosome is made up

Chromosome – rod-shaped body in the nucleus of eukaryotes and prokaryotes that contains the hereditary units or genes seen particularly during cell division

Chromatin- a collection of separate structures called Chromosomes. Within the nucleus the DNA is organized along with proteins into Chromatin. During Mitosis, the chromosomes condense into what is known as Chromosomes, which allows the genetic information of the previous cell to be passed on.

The distinguished features are- spindle-shaped, centrally located nucleus do not appear striated. Also usually there is a layer where cells are arranged perpendicular to each other.

It is fascinating to know that two meters of human DNA are packed inside ∼1000 µm3 nucleus. How this amazing packing occurs in nature was a great mystery until the discovery of nucleosome and its structural organizations. Nucleosome is a basic unit of chromatin that consists of 146 bp fragment of DNA wrapped around a protein octamer known as histone. One nucleosome contains two molecules of each Histone 2A, Histone 2B, Histone 3 and Histone 4. Besides that, Histone 1 is linked with DNA that connects various histones in the nucleosome (Kamakaka and Biggins, 2005). All these histone proteins belong to different gene families but this review will focus on histone 3 gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Formed in the nucleus by copying the gene from DNA in the process of transcription

The formation of a protein begins in the genes, which contain the basic building information for all parts of living organisms. There are four DNA nucleotides that make up genes: A, T, C, and G. A codon is any arrangement of three of these nucleotides. Each triplet of nucleotides codes for one amino acid. First transcription will begin in the nucleus where mRNA will transcribe the DNA template. During both transcription and translation, there are three steps. The first step in transcription is initiation where RNA polymerase separates a DNA strand and binds RNA nucleotides to the DNA. RNA nucleotides are the same as DNA ones except that U replaces the T. The second is just the elongation of the mRNA. The third step of transcription is termination. This occurs when RNA polymerase reads a codon region and the mRNA separates from the