Universe
Universe
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319039448
Author: Robert Geller, Roger Freedman, William J. Kaufmann
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 25, Problem 35Q

(a)

To determine

The reason due to which the radiation temperature was T0=T(1+z) at the redshift z. Let, T denotes today’s temperature of the cosmic microwave background. It is given that a proton of wavelength λ0 from the cosmic microwave background was emitted at redshift z. Today it’s wavelength is, λ=λ0(1+z).

(b)

To determine

The radiation temperature at z=1, if it is given that a proton of wavelength λ0 from the cosmic microwave background was emitted at redshift z. Today it’s wavelength is, λ=λ0(1+z).

(c)

To determine

The redshift at which the radiation temperature is equal to 293 K, if it is given that a proton of wavelength λ0 from the cosmic microwave background was emitted at redshift z. Today it’s wavelength is, λ=λ0(1+z).

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The photons that make up the cosmic microwave background were emitted about 380,000 years after the Big Bang. Today, 13.8billion years after the Big Bang, the wavelengths of these photons have been stretched by a factor of about 1100 since they were emitted because lengths in the expanding universe have increased by that same factor of about 1100. Consider a cubical region of empty space in today’s universe 1.00 m on a side, with a volume of 1.00 m3. What was the length s0 of each side and the volume V0 of this same cubical region 380,000 years after the Big Bang? s0 = ? m V0 = ? m^3 Today the average density of ordinary matter in the universe is about 2.4×10−27 kg/m3. What was the average density ?(rho)0 of ordinary matter at the time that the photons in the cosmic microwave background radiation were emitted? (rho)0 = ? kg/m^3
To get an idea of how empty deep space is on the average, perform the following calculations:  (a) Find the volume our Sun would occupy if it had an average density equal to the critical density of 10-26 kg / m3 thought necessary to halt the expansion of the universe.  (b) Find the radius of a sphere of this volume in light years. (c) What would this radius be if the density were that of luminous matter, which is approximately 5% that of the critical density?  (d) Compare the radius found in part (c) with the 4-ly average separation of stars in the arms of the Milky Way.
The geometry of spacetime in the Universe on large scales is determined by the mean energy density of the matter in the Universe, ρ. The critical density of the Universe is denoted by ρ0 and can be used to define the parameter Ω0 = ρ/ρ0. Describe the geometry of space when: (i) Ω0 < 1; (ii) Ω0 = 1; (iii) Ω0 > 1. Explain how measurements of the angular sizes of the hot- and cold-spots in the CMB projected on the sky can inform us about the geometry of spacetime in our Universe. What do measurements of these angular sizes by the WMAP and PLANCK satellites tell us about the value of Ω0?
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