Concept explainers
a)
Interpretation:
The change has to be explained when the concentration of the halide is tripled and the concentration of the ethanol is halved by adding diethyl ether as an inert solvent.
Concept introduction:
SN1 reaction:
The alcohol is reaction with acids like hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid which yield the corresponding carbocation intermediate, this carbocation intermediate undergoes substitution reaction which yields the corresponding substitution product.
Tertiary alcohols undergo substitution very fast than the secondary alcohols because tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary carbocation than the primary carbocation.
Primary alcohol is less stable therefore it won’t undergo SN1substitution reaction.
b)
Interpretation:
The change has to be explained when the concentration of the halide is tripled and the concentration of the ethanol is halved by adding diethyl ether as an inert solvent.
Concept introduction:
SN1 reaction:
The alcohol is reaction with acids like hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid which yield the corresponding carbocation intermediate, this carbocation intermediate undergoes substitution reaction which yields the corresponding substitution product.
Tertiary alcohols undergo substitution very fast than the secondary alcohols because tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary carbocation than the primary carbocation.
Primary alcohol is less stable therefore it won’t undergo SN1substitution reaction.
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Chapter 11 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- When ethyl bromide is added to potassium tert-butoxide, the product is ethyl tert-butyl ether. (a) What happens to the rate if the concentration of potassium tert-butoxide is tripled and the concentration of ethyl bromide is doubled?arrow_forwardWhen tert-butyl bromide is heated with an equal amount of ethanol in an inert solvent, one of the products is ethyl tert-butyl ether. (a) What happens to the rate if the concentration of tert-butyl bromide is tripled and the concentration of ethanol is doubled?arrow_forward(a) rate at which the following alcohols undergo dehydration to form alkenes in sulfuric acid OH OH OH (b) rate at which the following alkenes undergo addition with HBr to form an alkyl halidearrow_forward
- (a) How will you convert:(i) Benzene to acetophenone (ii) Propanone to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol(b) Give reasons :(i) Electrophilic substitution in benzoic acid takes place at meta position.(ii) Carboxylic acids are higher boiling liquids than aldehydes, ketones and alcohols of comparable molecular masses.(iii) Propanal is more reactive than propanone in nucleophilic addition reactions.arrow_forwardPropose a mechanism for the reaction of(a) 1-methylcyclohexanol with HBr to form 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane.(b) 2-cyclohexylethanol with HBr to form 1-bromo-2-cyclohexylethane.arrow_forward(b) 3-methyl-2-butanol reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid to form 2-methyl-2- butene. Write the mechanism for the reaction.arrow_forward
- Nonconjugated , -unsaturated ketones, such as 3-cyclohexenone, are in an acid-catalyzed equilibrium with their conjugated , -unsaturated isomers. Propose a mechanism for this isomerization.arrow_forwardPropose mechanisms and draw reaction-energy diagrams for the following reactions. Pay particular attention to the structures of any transition states and intermediates. Compare the reaction-energy diagrams for the two reactions, and explainthe differences.(a) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane reacts with sodium methoxide in methanol to give 2-methylbut-2-ene (among other products).(b) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane reacts in boiling methanol to give 2-methylbut-2-ene (among other products)arrow_forwardThe enamine prepared from acetone and dimethylamine is shown here in its lowest-energy form. (a) What is the geometry and hybridization of the nitrogen atom? (b) What orbital on nitrogen holds the lone pair of electrons? (c) What is the geometric relationship between the p orbitals of the double bond and the nitrogen orbital that holds the lone pair? Why do you think this geometry represents the minimum energy?arrow_forward
- Consider an E2 reaction between (2-bromoethyl)cyclohexane and base potassium tert-butoxide. Describe the rate of elimination when each of the following changes occurred: (i) The base is changed to sodium hydroxide. (ii) The halogen atom of alkyl halide is replaced by chlorine.arrow_forward3-Chloro-2-methylpropene reacts with sodium methoxide in methanol to form 3-methoxy-2-methylpropene. For each of the following changes in the reaction conditions, state whether the reaction rate would increase, decrease, or remain the same. Explain your reasoning. In some cases the identity of the major organic product would be expected to change; in such cases, give the expected major product. (a) the same quantities of reagents are dissolved in half the volume of methanol (b) 3-bromo-2-methylpropene is used in place of 3-chloro-2-methylpropene (c) sodium methanethiolate (CH3SNa) is used in place of of sodium methoxidearrow_forwardIn an SN2 reaction between 2-chlorobutane and iodide ion, what happens to the rate of the reaction if: (a) the concentration of 2-chlorobutane is doubled? (b) the concentration of iodide is doubled?arrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning