Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 7.2, Problem 5CC
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The advantage of using cyclic photophosphorylation by plants over linear energy flow.
Introduction
Plants perform
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DRAW a curved arrow mechanism for photosynthesis with the following steps.
Step 1: Absorption of sunlight and excitation of chlorophyll molecules
Step 2: Transfer of energy to reaction center chlorophylls, which lose an electron and become oxidized.
Step 3: Electron transfer from oxidized chlorophylls to an electron acceptor, such as a quinone molecule
Step 4: Electron transfer from the quinone molecule to a chain of electron carriers, such as cytochromes, which generate a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane
Step 5: ATP synthesis by ATP synthase using the energy of the proton gradient.
Step 6: Transfer of electrons from the electron carriers to the enzyme rubisco, which catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) with CO2, forming an unstable 6-carbon intermediate.
Step 7: Cleavage of the 6-carbon intermediate into two 3-carbon molecules, which are phosphorylated by ATP and reduced by NADPH to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
Step 8: Conversion of G3P to…
What are the two places where light energy is required in the light reaction of photosynthesis? Why must energy be supplied at precisely these points?
Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are correct?
1. Absorption of light does one thing: it makes chlorophyll easier to oxidize.
2. In PSII, the rate of damage to the D1 protein can never exceeds the rate of repair.
3. Electron transport is spontaneous (exergonic) as electrons move from P680* to P700+.
4. Compared to anoxygenic photosynthesis, in oxygenic photosynthesis less light needs to be absorbed to reduce NADP+.
A.
1,2 and 3
B.
1 and 3
C.
2 and 4
D.
4 only
E. All of 1,2,3 and 4 are correct
Chapter 7 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 7.1 - Which types of organisms carry out cellular...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 1BCCh. 7.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 7.1 - If you were traveling from the cytosol to the...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 7.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.2 - What is the advantage of having different pigment...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 4CC
Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 5CCCh. 7.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 7.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 7.2 - What is the purpose of cyclic...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 7.3 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 7.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 7.4 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 7.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.5 - Prob. 1BCCh. 7.5 - What are the advantages and disadvantages for C3,...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 7.5 - An evolutionary adaptation to minimize...Ch. 7 - The water necessary for photosynthesis is split...Ch. 7 - Prob. 2TYCh. 7 - Prob. 3TYCh. 7 - Prob. 4TYCh. 7 - During the first phase of the Calvin cycle, carbon...Ch. 7 - Prob. 6TYCh. 7 - Prob. 7TYCh. 7 - Prob. 8TYCh. 7 - Prob. 9TYCh. 7 - Plants commonly found in hot and dry environments...Ch. 7 - What are the two stages of photosynthesis? What...Ch. 7 - What is the function of NADPH in the Calvin cycle?Ch. 7 - A principle of biology is that living organisms...Ch. 7 - Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being...Ch. 7 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- What is the overall purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis?arrow_forwardWhich of the following correctly sequences the steps of non-cyclic electron transport? a) Chlorophyll molecules absorb UV radiation exciting electrons which flow through photosystem I, returning to the chlorophyll molecules b) Electrons donated from water molecules pass through photosystem I then photosystem II before returning to the chlorophyll molecules, generating ATP in the process c) Water is oxidized by the capture of light energy; these excited electrons are passed through the dark reactions, returning to chlorophyll during the final light reactions d) The ATP and NADPH generated by the reactions of photosystem II and photosystem I are utilized by the Calvin Cycle to build high energy glucose moleculesarrow_forwardIdentify the chemical basis for ApH and AY across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane by dragging the descriptions to their targets. Be sure to notice that the upper arrow iindicates ApH and the lower arrow indicates ΔΨ. ATP synthase complex H+ N ADP + P₁ Light energy ATP H*N Photosystem I/II- Chloroplast N side Aus PN ApH T + Thylakoid membrane HTp H+p Lumen Stroma P side Proton circuit A B High H concentration Low positive charge High positive charge Low H+ concentration Within the image, identify the types of proton translocation by dragging each label to its target. O XH₂ 2H+ + Z 2 H* ZH₂ O XH₂ Z 2H+ ZH₂ 2H+ C A B Proton pump Redox looparrow_forward
- Describe the purpose of the light dependent reaction and light independent reaction (carbon fixation reaction) in photosynthesis. In addition, explain how the products of the light dependent reaction are used in the light independent reaction (carbon fixation reaction)arrow_forwardWhat Is the Molecular Architecture of PhotosyntheticReaction Centersarrow_forwardHow many water molecules have to be split as part of the light reactions to produce enough ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle to produce one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)? STROMA (low H+ concentration) Light THYLAKOID SPACE (high H+ concentration) STROMA (low H+ concentration) Photosystem II 4 H+ H₂O 1 1/2 0₂ +2 H+ Thylakoid membrane Cytochrome complex Light Pq 4 H+ Photosystem I Pc ATP synthase ADP + H+ Fd M ATP NADP+ reductase NADP+ + H+ NADPH To Calvin Cyclearrow_forward
- Which of the following best describes the products of the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis?A) NADH and ATP are made in the stromaB) NADPH and ATP are made in the stromaC) NADH and ATP are made in the thylakoid lumenD) NADPH is made in the stroma and ATP is made in the thylakoid lumenE) NADPH and ATP are made in the thylakoid lumenarrow_forwardDiscuss in detail photorespiration in plants.arrow_forwardThe Calvin cycle, the "dark reaction" or Carbon fixation reactions of photosynthesis, cannot occur at night in a living plant. Which of the following best describes why this is true? A) The stomata are incapable of opening at night, thus CO2 cannot enter the leaf B) The reactions of the Calvin cycle are dependent on light reactions for high-energy compounds C) Several enxymes necessary for Calvin cycle activity have been degraded during the day and must be replaced D) Light is required to transport the water necessary for the cycle E) Cooler temperatures at night slow enzyme activity and rates of substrate diffusionarrow_forward
- Typically the CO2 necessary for photosynthesis enters through the stomata of the plant leaves suppose petroleum jelly was used to coat the leaves out of this tomato blocked or closed a) what effect will this have on the light reactions in these leaf cells b) what effect will this have on the Calvin cycle in these leaf cellsarrow_forwardWhat is the overall outcome of the light reactions in photosynthesis? NADPH and ATP molecules are produced during the light reactions and are used to power the light independent reactions. NADPH and ATP molecules are produced during the light reactions, which are used to power the light dependent reactions. Sugar and ATP are produced during the light reactions, which are used to power the light independent reactions. Carbon dioxide and NADPH are produced during the light reactions, which are used to power the light dependent reactions.arrow_forwardDespite CAM photosynthesis having a comparatively higher water use efficiency relative to C3 and C4 plants, its distribution is restricted primarily to desert succulents. In terms of water use efficiency, explain why CAM photosynthesis has not spread more widely.arrow_forward
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