Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 7.3, Problem 2TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) acts as a reducing agent that adds the high energy electrons to the carbon dioxide molecule to form polysaccharide (glucose). The Calvin cycle utilizes the energy produced by the light-dependent reaction into synthesizing carbohydrates from carbon dioxide.
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Daniel Arnon and coworkers carried out experiments with intact, salt-
washed chloroplasts to study photophosphorylation. When the chloroplasts
were illuminated in the presence of ADP +P, ATP was produced, but
oxygen was not produced or nor consumed. ATP formation was not accom-
panied by a measurable electron transport involving any external electron
donor or acceptor. The overall reaction for this result is:
ADP + P -", ATP
When NADP+ was included in addition to the ADP + P, ilumination of the
intact chloroplats again resulted in resulted in the photophosphorylation of
ADP to ATP. In addition, the NADPpt was reduced to NADPH + H* and o,
was produced. Moreover, the light-induced reduction of NADP* was greatly
decreased if ADP + P; were ommitted. The equation for this reaction is:
NADP* + H,0 + ADP + R -", NADPH + H + ATP + }02
Briefly describe the mechanism(s) of these two types of photophosphoryla-
tion that explain all of these results.
Electrons are continuously transferred from higher-energy carriers to lower-energy carriers in the electron transport chain, yet somehow iron is utilized as an electron carrier multiple times. Choose the most likely reason why this is possible.
The pH of complex II is slightly higher than the pH of complex III.
The reduction potential of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in complex I is higher than the reduction potential of iron.
The redox potential of iron ions can be manipulated by their environment. For instance, the iron in an iron-sulfur cluster will have a different redox potential than the iron in a heme group.
The electrons carried by NADH are higher energy than the electrons carried by FADH2.
For the following questions, choose one to discuss: chloroplast/photosynthesis State at the outset which one you will discuss.
A) What role do proton gradients play in the process of photosynthesis proton gradients allow
B) Where are proton gradients formed? Within what structures are they seen in chloroplasts How do the structures help them to maintain a gradient?
C) Explain where and how the chloroplast or mitochondria uses passive transport and active transport to complete photosynthesis or cellular respiration.
Chapter 7 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 7.1 - Which types of organisms carry out cellular...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 1BCCh. 7.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 7.1 - If you were traveling from the cytosol to the...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 7.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.2 - What is the advantage of having different pigment...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 4CC
Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 5CCCh. 7.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 7.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 7.2 - What is the purpose of cyclic...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 7.3 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 7.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 7.4 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 7.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.5 - Prob. 1BCCh. 7.5 - What are the advantages and disadvantages for C3,...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 7.5 - An evolutionary adaptation to minimize...Ch. 7 - The water necessary for photosynthesis is split...Ch. 7 - Prob. 2TYCh. 7 - Prob. 3TYCh. 7 - Prob. 4TYCh. 7 - During the first phase of the Calvin cycle, carbon...Ch. 7 - Prob. 6TYCh. 7 - Prob. 7TYCh. 7 - Prob. 8TYCh. 7 - Prob. 9TYCh. 7 - Plants commonly found in hot and dry environments...Ch. 7 - What are the two stages of photosynthesis? What...Ch. 7 - What is the function of NADPH in the Calvin cycle?Ch. 7 - A principle of biology is that living organisms...Ch. 7 - Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being...Ch. 7 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- In photosynthetic organisms that have two photosystems, a key reason to increase non-cyclic electron flow through photosystem complexes is to:arrow_forwardThe Q cycle is one of the hallmark features in the light reaction. Please describe what is Q cycle, why it is important and how many protons are moved in a complete Q cycle when 1 H2O molecule gets oxidized.arrow_forwardOxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. However, in the absence of oxygen the Kreb's cycle does not work either. Why does the Kreb cycle not proceed without oxygen when oxygen plays no direct part in its sequence of biochemical reactions? Hint: think of oxidation and reduction of electron carriers.arrow_forward
- The establishment of the proton gradient is a very important part of photosynthesis. Briefly explain how the gradient is formed, where it occurs within the cell, and what is its role in photosynthesis.arrow_forwardThylakoids were isolated from chloroplasts and incubated in the dark in an acidic solution (pH 4) to equilibrate the pH. After 30 minutes, the thylakoids were transferred to a basic solution (pH 8) and kept in the dark. Will this system produce ATP? Explain. Will this system produce G3P? Explain.arrow_forwardConsider the function of the cofactor FAD. Which of the following makes it unique (different) from NAD+? Select all that apply. Operates as part of an enzyme and is not a mobile electron carrier In its fully reduced state, carries 2 electrons Involved in electron transfers as part of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity O Facilitates single electron transfersarrow_forward
- Provide a simplified schematic presentation of (non-cyclic) photophosphorylation. Clearly indicate the location and direction of electron and proton flow as well as organelle compartments. (You can also draw the Z-scheme but then you have to include ADP phosphorylation).arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the processes of cyclic and non cyclic phosphorylation as follows: 1. Source of electrons (Donor) 2. Final acceptor of electrons 3. Products 4. Pathway of electron flow 5. Photosystems involvedarrow_forward(c) Compare the differences between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation by redrawing (if necessary) and completing the table given below: Table 1: Comparison of oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation Organelle Source of electrons Final electron acceptor Source of energy Role of ATParrow_forward
- Shown in the figure, is a portion of the electron transport chain pathway, in which electrons are transferred from NADH to O2, the energy of this reaction is coupled to the pumping of H+. Drug X can pick up electrons from specific intermediates as shown in the figure. You treat cells carrying out respiration with a saturating dose of drug X, so that all the electrons which would normally continue in the pathway are captured by drug X. What would you expect in these cells? Select all that apply. 4 Drug X e- A NADH + H+ Electron transport H₂O e- Proton pumping 0₂ NAD+ H* (space A) H* (space B) The cells continue to produce carbon dioxide The cells do not produce carbon dioxide Rate of ATP synthesis decreases compared to normal Rate of ATP synthesis increases compared to normalarrow_forwardWhat is the terminal electron acceptor in photo- phosphorylation? 1 02 2 H2O 3 CO2 4 NADP+arrow_forwardIdentify the chemical basis for ApH and AY across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane by dragging the descriptions to their targets. Be sure to notice that the upper arrow iindicates ApH and the lower arrow indicates ΔΨ. ATP synthase complex H+ N ADP + P₁ Light energy ATP H*N Photosystem I/II- Chloroplast N side Aus PN ApH T + Thylakoid membrane HTp H+p Lumen Stroma P side Proton circuit A B High H concentration Low positive charge High positive charge Low H+ concentration Within the image, identify the types of proton translocation by dragging each label to its target. O XH₂ 2H+ + Z 2 H* ZH₂ O XH₂ Z 2H+ ZH₂ 2H+ C A B Proton pump Redox looparrow_forward
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Photosynthesis & Respiration | Reactions | Chemistry | FuseSchool; Author: FuseSchool - Global Education;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XIyweZg6Sw;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY